Money objects, from coins to bitcoins, are used in economic exchange as a way to put a number on the fuzzy concept of worth or value. They are inherently dualistic in that they combine the properties of abstract numbers with the properties of owned objects. As a result of this duality at its core, the money system exhibits the properties of a macroscopic quantum system, including entanglement, indeterminacy, and interference, with money objects playing a special role as a measurement device. This chapter argues that, by virtue of its dualistic nature, money acts as a vector of transmission, which scales up the properties of quantum mind to the global level. By bringing money back into the picture and providing an alternative to the mechanistic vision of mainstream economics, quantum social science promises to change the way we see and treat the economy, with implications for International Relations and security.
Money objects, from coins to bitcoins, are used in economic exchange as a way to put a number on the fuzzy concept of worth or value. They are inherently dualistic in that they combine the properties of abstract numbers with the properties of owned objects. As a result of this duality at its core, the money system exhibits the properties of a macroscopic quantum system, including entanglement, indeterminacy, and interference, with money objects playing a special role as a measurement device. This chapter argues that, by virtue of its dualistic nature, money acts as a vector of transmission, which scales up the properties of quantum mind to the global level. By bringing money back into the picture and providing an alternative to the mechanistic vision of mainstream economics, quantum social science promises to change the way we see and treat the economy, with implications for International Relations and security.
Abstract Money objects, from coins to bitcoins, are used in economic exchange as a way of putting a number on the fuzzy concept of worth or value. They are inherently dualistic in that they combine the properties of abstract numbers with the properties of owned objects. As a result of this duality at its core, the money system exhibits the properties of a macroscopic quantum system, including entanglement, indeterminacy and interference, with money objects playing a special role as a measurement device. This article argues that, by virtue of its dualistic nature, money acts as a vector of transmission that scales up the properties of quantum mind to the global level. By bringing money back into the picture and providing an alternative to the mechanistic vision of mainstream economics, quantum social science promises to change the way we see and treat the economy, with implications for international relations and security.
A decade after the financial crisis, there is a growing consensus that the neoclassical approach to economics has failed, and that new approaches are needed. This paper argues that economics has been trying to solve the wrong problem. Economics sees itself as the science of scarcity, but instead it should be the science of money. Just as physicists' ideas about quantum matter were formed by studying the exchange of particles at the subatomic level, so economics should begin by analysing the properties of money-based transactions, which like quantum entities have a fundamentally dualistic nature. By building on ideas from quantum money, quantum finance and quantum social science, this paper shows that the economy is an archetypal example of a quantum social system, complete with its own versions of measurement uncertainty, entanglement, and so on. This leads to a proposal for a quantum economics, which is to neoclassical economics what quantum physics is to classical physics.
To address the practical impasse of mainstream economics—rooted in the deterministic worldview of Newtonian mechanics—where its mechanistic and linear analytical framework struggles to handle complex scenarios in the digital economy era, such as interactive decision-making, globally non-local correlations, and systemic mutations after sudden shocks, leading to a pronounced tension between theory and practice, this paper constructs a quantum economics analytical framework. Drawing on the inherent uncertainty revealed by quantum mechanics and based on the core isomorphism between economic systems and quantum systems (both centering on uncertainty, featuring superposition of multiple states, observer-induced interaction, and holistic correlations), it translates quantum core logics like superposition, entanglement, and transition into economic analytical tools. Methods such as entanglement entropy and quantum state transition probabilities are employed to quantify the complex correlations and state transformations of economic variables. Empirical studies of China’s macroeconomy validate the framework’s effectiveness, precisely capturing structural features like the strong correlation between money supply and economic growth, transmission frictions between money and prices, and paradigm shifts under policy shocks and event impacts. It further reveals the synergistic effect of a multi-variable system (“1+1+1>3”), quantifies the transitional characteristics and transformation laws of inflation states. The findings demonstrate that quantum economics elevates “uncertainty” to the theoretical core, transcending the paradigm limitations of traditional economics. It provides a novel quantitative perspective for understanding the complex essence and structural contradictions of economic systems, offering a systematic solution to the challenges of modern economic complexity.
Quantum economics postulates ideas about quantum money, quantum finance, and quantum social science and shows that the economy is an archetypal example of a quantum social system, complete with its versions of measurement, i.e., uncertainty, entanglement, superposition, and so on.A sizeable literature on quantum economics has grown in recent periods.This paper reviews some theoretical developments and empirical studies on Quantum economics to provide a comprehensive analysis of the potential implications of Quantum Physics and its philosophical ideas in the domains of economics, finance, and social science.Moreover, this studies also focused Why the field of Quantum Economics arises" how Quantum economics links physics, economics, and social science.All reviews and research papers examine the use of learning strategies in Quantum Economics.The overall results shows the following Possible applications of quantum Physics' in Economics: (i) enhanced computational capabilities for big data and complex problems, (ii) secure quantum-based currency, (iii) innovative tools for policymaking, and (iv) advanced behavioral and decisionmaking analysis under uncertainty.This paper provides an overview of the Quantum economics literature, background history, conceptual insights, economic policy, and conceptual and methodological critique.Finally, we present an agenda for future research in the field.
The paper undertakes to analyse the changes in the economic agent which it is subject to when described from the perspective of different worldviews. The mechanistic, electrodynamic and relativistic quantum worldviews suggest different interpretations of the properties of the object, hence describe economic objects different in nature. Reliance on physicalist methods makes it possible to reveal an economic agent displaying solidarity and to outline its preconditions. The goal of this research is reconsidering the object of economics and revealing its new properties. The first task is to describe the economic agent in mechanistic terms, the second task is to add to it the properties that are drawn from quantum mechanics. The paper looks for analogies and metaphors of such phenomena as tunnel effect and duality of microparticles. It also suggests a system of institutional organization for regulating demand for different categories of goods. The theory of institutions is interpreted through the analogies of the electrodynamic worldview. The principles of behavioral economics are presented in terms of the quantum-relative worldview. The article reveals a new production factor that allows the agent to exchange the labour performed in the system of informal institutions for its analogies in the formal system. It is inferred that the peculiarities of behaviour are formed by institutions and divide agents of demand into groups. The metaphors of quantum-field experiments are revealed to explain the mechanisms of influence on these groups depending on their preferences. The paper explores the agent of demand — the purchaser — consisting of multiple households. Economic analogies are searched in the process of interpreting the law of demand and supply.
Abstract Foundations of Quantum Economics unfolds a coherent theoretical thread, replacing the rational-agent premise of mainstream economics with the quantum-person hypothesis: before observation, decision-makers sustain multiple conflicting options encoded in probability amplitudes, and a decision corresponds to collapse triggered by measurement. The book first lays cognitive and mathematical foundations, demonstrating that human judgement inherently exhibits quantum features including superposition, interference and order dependence. Classical probability theory fails for non-commutative economic events, making Hilbert spaces and probability amplitudes indispensable languages for economic inquiry. It then reconstructs causality, information, uncertainty and risk, arguing that economic causes are not uniquely fixed before the collapse of consensus; uncertainty is endogenous to the system, and risk represents the spread of superposed distributions rather than exogenous noise. Built upon this architecture, the work revisits core microeconomic notions such as value, utility, game interaction, supply and demand, property rights, institutions and innovation. All conventional theories are recovered as special limits under zero interference and single eigenstates, while superposition and entanglement furnish fresh explanatory power for economic anomalies. The analysis further expands into macroeconomics, interpreting growth, business cycles, money, fiscal policy, trade and welfare as coherent superposition, phase transition and collapse of collective cognition and consensus, and concludes with the renovation of econometrics and economic governance. The book’s central thesis holds that superposition, interference, observation and collapse are not metaphors borrowed from quantum physics, but intrinsic properties of human cognition and economic practice. Economic realities are not predetermined facts waiting to be discovered; instead, they are generated through human cognition, consensus and practice in the act of measurement. Quantum economics is far more than a cosmetic revision of existing models. It constitutes a shift of research programme, abandoning Laplacian determinism and reconceiving the economy as an open, generative process. The book articulates five interconnected layers: the quantum person as ontological starting point, quantum features of cognition, superposition of collective consensus, endogenous uncertainty, and quantuminformed governance. It reminds researchers and policymakers that economic observation and policy intervention are performative, capable of reshaping the very system they examine. Economics abandons the pursuit of a single, determinate optimum and embraces endogenous uncertainty; policymakers cease to be omniscient system engineers and become prudent stewards of consensus and designers of measurement bases. This volume establishes the unified bedrock for the whole quantum economics series and calls for a new, more honest and realistic economics embedded within the economic process itself.