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Optics Communications

Modulation Transfer Spectroscopy of a four-level ladder system in atomic rubidium

M. J. Lim, Shawn McPoyle, Marc Cervantes

Published Jun 17, 2022• 11 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.optcom.2022.128651

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Active frequency stabilization of a laser to an atomic or molecular resonance underpins many modern-day AMO physics experiments. With a flat background and high signal-to-noise ratio, modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) offers an accurate and stable method for laser locking. Despite its benefits, however, the four-wave mixing process that is inherent to the MTS technique entails that the strongest modulation transfer signals are only observed for closed transitions, excluding MTS from numerous applications. Here, we report for the first time the observation of a magnetically tunable MTS error signal. Using a simple two-magnet arrangement, we show that the error signal for the 87Rb F = 2 → F' = 3 cooling transition can be Zeeman-shifted over a range of ~10 GHz to any arbitrary point on the rubidium D2 spectrum. Modulation transfer signals for locking to the 87Rb F = 1 → F' = 2 repumping transition as well as 1 GHz red-detuned to the cooling transition are presented to demonstrate the versatility of this technique, which can readily be extended to the locking of Raman and lattice lasers.

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Modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) provides a high-resolution, Doppler-free method for laser frequency stabilization, offering excellent signal-to-noise ratio and robustness, particularly suited for compact thermal atomic clocks. Extending this approach, dual-optical-transition MTS (DOT-MTS) enables the simultaneous stabilization of two optical transitions within a single atomic ensemble, paving the way for multi-wavelength frequency references in integrated systems. Despite its potential, DOT-MTS remains relatively unexplored. In this work, we demonstrate DOT-MTS in a ladder-type configuration using87Rb atoms. Both optical-optical double resonance (OODR) and double-resonance optical pumping (DROP) signals are clearly observed. Through systematic optimization of experimental parameters, the system achieves a self-evaluated short-term frequency stability at the 1E-13 level. These results demonstrate the feasibility of DOT-MTS as a high-performance, compact frequency reference and open a promising avenue toward the development of portable optical clocks.
Active frequency stabilization of a laser to an atomic or molecular resonance underpins many modern-day AMO physics experiments. With a flat background and high signal-to-noise ratio, modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) offers an accurate and stable method for laser locking. Despite its benefits, however, the four-wave mixing process that is inherent to the MTS technique entails that the strongest modulation transfer signals are only observed for closed transitions, excluding MTS from numerous applications. Here, we report for the first time the observation of a magnetically tunable MTS error signal. Using a simple two-magnet arrangement, we show that the error signal for the 87Rb F = 2 → F' = 3 cooling transition can be Zeeman-shifted over a range of ~10 GHz to any arbitrary point on the rubidium D2 spectrum. Modulation transfer signals for locking to the 87Rb F = 1 → F' = 2 repumping transition as well as 1 GHz red-detuned to the cooling transition are presented to demonstrate the versatility of this technique, which can readily be extended to the locking of Raman and lattice lasers.