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International Conference on Optical Network Design and Modeling (ONDM)

Quantum Bit Retransmission Using Universal Quantum Copying Machine

Masab Iqbal, Luis Velasco, Marc Ruiz, Antonio Napoli, João Pedro, Nelson M. S. Costa

Published May 16, 2022• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum internet, which is expected to be a combination of quantum and classical networks, promises to provide information-theoretic security for data exchange. Classical networks have well-established protocols for reliable end-to-end transmission that implicitly make use of duplicating classical bits. However, quantum bits (qubits) cannot be copied due to the no-cloning theorem. In this paper, we take advantage of the principle of creating imperfect clones using a Universal Quantum Copying Machine (UQCM) and propose the Quantum Automatic Repeat Request (QARQ) protocol, inspired by its classical equivalent. A simulation platform has been developed to study the feasibility of QARQ. Results show that our proposal is well suited for applications that are compatible with low fidelity requirements.

DOI
10.23919/ondm54585.2022.9782866

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Quantum internet, which is expected to be a combination of quantum and classical networks, promises to provide information-theoretic security for data exchange. Classical networks have well-established protocols for reliable end-to-end transmission that implicitly make use of duplicating classical bits. However, quantum bits (qubits) cannot be copied due to the no-cloning theorem. In this paper, we take advantage of the principle of creating imperfect clones using a Universal Quantum Copying Machine (UQCM) and propose the Quantum Automatic Repeat Request (QARQ) protocol, inspired by its classical equivalent. A simulation platform has been developed to study the feasibility of QARQ. Results show that our proposal is well suited for applications that are compatible with low fidelity requirements.
The quantum internet, which will be a hybrid of quantum and classical networks, is expected to provide information-theoretic security for data transmission. Classical networks have well-established protocols for reliable end-to-end transmission that use duplicating the classical bits implicitly. However, due to the no-cloning theorem, quantum bits (qubits) cannot be copied. In this paper, we propose to use a Universal Quantum Copying Machine (UQCM) to create imperfect clones and summarizes the Quantum Automatic Repeat Request (QARQ) protocol, which is inspired by its classical counterpart. To investigate the viability of QARQ, a simulation platform is created considering Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center qubit platform that implements QARQ for quantum communication. The results explore the applications it is suitable for while maintaining enough quality of the qubit state. Two major quantum technologies are studied for these protocols: Direct Transmission (DT), and Teleportation (TP). It has been shown that for short distance communication DT provides better fidelity than TP while for long-distance communication TP outperforms DT and hence improves the QARQ performance as well.
Quantum computing allows the implementation of powerful algorithms with enormous computing capabilities and promises a secure quantum Internet. Despite the advantages brought by quantum communication, certain communication paradigms are impossible or cannot be completely implemented due to the no-cloning theorem. Qubit retransmission for reliable communications and point-to-multipoint quantum communication (QP2MP) are among them. In this paper, we investigate whether a Universal Quantum Copying Machine (UQCM) generating imperfect copies of qubits can help. Specifically, we propose the Quantum Automatic Repeat Request (QARQ) protocol, which is based on its classical variant, as well as to perform QP2MP communication using imperfect clones. Note that the availability of these protocols might foster the development of new distributed quantum computing applications. As current quantum devices are noisy and they decohere qubits, we analyze these two protocols under the presence of various sources of noise. Three major quantum technologies are studied for these protocols: direct transmission (DT), teleportation (TP), and telecloning (TC). The Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) center platform is used to create simulation models. Results show that TC outperforms TP and DT in terms of fidelity in both QARQ and QP2MP, although it is the most complex one in terms of quantum cost. A numerical study shows that the QARQ protocol significantly improves qubit recovery and that creating more clones does not always improve qubit recovery.
A quantum network, which involves multiple parties pinging each other with quantum messages, could revolutionize communication, computing and basic sciences. The future internet will be a global system of various packet switching quantum and classical networks and we call it quantum internet. To build a quantum internet, unified protocols that support the distribution of quantum messages within it are necessary. Intuitively one would extend classical internet protocols to handle quantum messages. However, classical network mechanisms, especially those related to error control and reliable connection, implicitly assume that information can be duplicated, which is not true in the quantum world due to the no-cloning theorem and monogamy of entanglement. In this paper, we investigate and propose protocols for packet quantum network intercommunication. To handle the packet loss problem in transport, we propose a quantum retransmission protocol based on the recursive use of a quantum secret sharing scheme. Other internet protocols are also discussed. In particular, the creation of the logical process-to-process connections is accomplished by a quantum version of the three-way handshake protocol.
Abstract No-cloning theorem forbids perfect cloning of an unknown quantum state. A universal quantum cloning machine (UQCM), capable of producing two copies of any input qubit with the optimal fidelity, is of fundamental interest and has applications in quantum information processing. This is enabled by delicately tailored nonclassical correlations between the input qubit and the copying qubits, which distinguish the UQCM from a classical counterpart, but whose experimental demonstrations are still lacking. We here implement the UQCM in a superconducting circuit and investigate these correlations. The measured entanglements well agree with our theoretical prediction that they are independent of the input state and thus constitute a universal quantum behavior of the UQCM that was not previously revealed. Another feature of our experiment is the realization of deterministic and individual cloning, in contrast to previously demonstrated UQCMs, which either were probabilistic or did not constitute true cloning of individual qubits.
This paper is a tutorial-style introduction to methods and protocols for reliable transmission of quantum information over noisy quantum links. The exposition is based on a design philosophy that parallels classical link-layer mechanisms such as forward error correction and Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ). It starts by drawing analogies and highlights differences between classical and quantum links. Such analogies are used as guiding principles, with explicit attention to where the classical correspondence no longer applies and where non-classical constraints and resources govern the protocol design. The emphasis is on the fact that classical reliability is achieved through fungible and cloneable bits, whereas unknown quantum states cannot be copied or freely retransmitted. In addition, quantum information is subject to stringent physical constraints due to decoherence as well as the need for transduction between stationary and flying qubits. Quantum error correction is presented as the analogue of classical forward error correction, where logical qubits are protected by encoding them into larger entangled code spaces and using syndrome measurements to infer and correct errors without collapsing the encoded state. It then introduces teleportation-based link abstractions, in which transmission of an unknown qubit is realized by consuming shared Bell pairs together with classical messages. Entanglement purification protocols play a role similar to ARQ-style reliability enhancement by converting many noisy entangled pairs into fewer, higher-fidelity pairs at the cost of additional resources. The paper is written from the perspective of classical communication engineering and is intended as a guide for translating the relevant ideas toward reliable quantum links and networks.
The correspondence principle suggests that a quantum description for the microworld should be naturally transited to a classical description within the classical limit. However, it seems that there is a large gap between quantum no-cloning and classical duplication. In this paper, we prove that a classical duplication process can be realized using a universal quantum cloning machine. In the classical world, information is encoded in a large number of quantum states instead of one quantum state. When tolerable errors occur in a small number of the quantum states, the fidelity of duplicated copies of classical information can approach unity. That is, classical information duplication is equivalent to a redundant quantum cloning process with self-correcting.