Nonclassicality gain/loss through photon-addition/subtraction on multi-mode Gaussian states

Abstract

Photon addition and subtraction are well-known to render Gaussian states non Gaussian. We evaluate how their optical nonclassicality is affected by the photon addition/subtraction process. It is known that photon addition always transforms a Gaussian state into a nonclassical state. We show that photon subtraction transforms classical states into classical ones and nonclassical ones into nonclassical ones. For a quantitative analysis of the resulting nonclassicality, we use a recently introduced nonclassicality witness, the quadrature coherence scale, and compute the relative nonclassicality gain of the single-photon added/subtracted Gaussian states with respect to the original Gaussian states. For arbitrary single-mode Gaussian states, we show that this relative gain can be substantial in both cases. Whereas the gain is always higher for photon-added states, it is only slightly so for a large parameter range and in particular in the limit of high squeezing, where both gains are identical. We also analyze the Wigner negative volume of the photon-added/subtracted states. Whereas photon-added Gaussian states are never Wigner positive, we show that single-mode photon-subtracted states are Wigner positive if and only if they are weakly nonclassical or classical. Our analysis relies on explicit and general expressions for the characteristic and Wigner functions of photon added/subtracted multi-mode Gaussian states that we obtain simply.