We present results of tensor-network simulations of the three-dimensional
O(2) model at non-zero chemical potential and temperature, which were computed using the higher-order tensor-renormalization-group method (HOTRG). This necessitated enhancements to the HOTRG blocking procedure to reduce the truncation error in the case of anisotropic tensors. Moreover, the construction of the truncated vector spaces was adapted to strongly reduce the effect of systematic errors in the computation of observables using the finite-difference method. Our (improved) HOTRG results for the evolution of the number density with the chemical potential are in agreement with results obtained with the worm algorithm, and both the Silver Blaze phenomenon at zero temperature and the temperature dependence of the number density can be adequately reproduced.
We calculate thermodynamic potentials and their derivatives for the three-dimensional
O(2) model using tensor-network methods to investigate the well-known second-order phase transition. We also consider the model at nonzero chemical potential to study the Silver Blaze phenomenon, which is related to the particle number density at zero temperature. Furthermore, the temperature dependence of the number density is explored using asymmetric lattices. Our results for both zero and nonzero magnetic field, temperature, and chemical potential are consistent with those obtained using other methods.
Abstract We study the two-dimensional complex ϕ4 theory at finite chemical potential using the tensor renormalization group. This model exhibits the Silver Blaze phenomenon in which bulk observables are independent of the chemical potential below the critical point. Since it is expected to be a direct outcome of an imaginary part of the action, an approach free from the sign problem is needed. We study this model systematically changing the chemical potential in order to check the applicability of the tensor renormalization group to the model in which scalar fields are discretized by the Gaussian quadrature. The Silver Blaze phenomenon is successfully confirmed on the extremely large volume V = 10242 and the results are also ensured by another tensor network representation with a character expansion.
Abstract Tensor network is an attractive approach to the field theory with negative sign problem. The complex ϕ4 theory at finite density is a test bed for numerical algorithms to verify their effectiveness. The model shows a characteristic feature called the Silver Blaze phenomenon associated with the sign problem in the large volume limit at low temperature. We analyze the four-dimensional model employing the anisotropic tensor renormalization group algorithm with a parallel computation. We find a clear signal of the Silver Blaze phenomenon on a large volume of V = 10244, which implies that the tensor network approach is effective even for four-dimensional field theory beyond two dimensions.
The phase diagram of QCD is a central research topic in modern particle physics. Its calculation, however, is notoriously difficult especially when not only nonzero temperatures
T but also non-vanishing baryon densities are considered – as is relevant for heavy‑ion collisions or inside large neutron stars. At the theoretical level, nonzero baryon densities are achieved by introducing a nonzero chemical potential
μ, which creates a particle-antiparticle asymmetry. It turns out that for nonzero chemical potential, the fermion determinant is no longer real but complex, and therefore standard approaches based on importance sampling break down. In the literature, this is commonly referred to as the sign problem. In order to circumvent this sign problem, a variety of methods has been proposed. Examples include a Taylor expansion in
μ, reweighting, complex Langevin, thimbles or path optimization. Nevertheless, none of the proposed remedies can successfully reach regimes in which
μ/T>1, and therefore even today the full QCD phase diagram in the
μ−T plane cannot be calculated. There is a promising further approach, called tensor-network approach, that differs crucially from all of the aforementioned approaches. In this approach, the partition function is written as a contraction of a large number of local tensors. Of special relevance is the higher order tensor renormalization group (HOTRG) approach, which can be applied for arbitrary number of dimensions, and in particular its generalization, the Grassmann HOTRG (GHOTRG) approach, which is applicable to theories including fermions. Recently, GHOTRG was tailored to strong-coupling QCD using one flavor of staggered quarks in two dimensions. It was observed that, for a non‑zero chemical potential, no numerical instabilities arise. In this thesis, we go beyond both the strong-coupling limit and the single-flavor case. We express the partition function of lattice QCD with staggered fermions in the strong-coupling expansion in terms of a tensor network. This is done for an arbitrary number of dimensions, flavors, and orders of the strong-coupling expansion. Further, the GHOTRG approach is extended such that every coefficient
Zn of the partition function
Z=∑nZnβn can be calculated separately. Finally, numerical results in two dimensions are studied.
We present a tensor-network approach for two-dimensional strong-coupling QCD with staggered quarks at nonzero chemical potential. After integrating out the gauge fields at infinite coupling, the partition function can be written as a full contraction of a tensor network consisting of coupled local numeric and Grassmann tensors. To evaluate the partition function and to compute observables, we develop a Grassmann higher-order tensor renormalization group method, specifically tailored for this model. During the coarsening procedure, the blocking of adjacent Grassmann tensors is performed analytically, and the total number of Grassmann variables in the tensor network is reduced by a factor of two at each coarsening step. The coarse-site numeric tensors are truncated using higher-order singular value decompositions. The method is validated by comparing the partition function, the chiral condensate and the baryon density computed with the tensor method with exact analytical results on small lattices up to volumes of 4×4. For larger volumes, we present first tensor results for the chiral condensate as a function of the mass and volume, and observe that the chiral symmetry is not broken dynamically in two dimensions. We also present tensor results for the number density as a function of the chemical potential, which hint at a first-order phase transition.