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The Journal of King Mongkut s University of Technology North Bangkok

การประมาณคาชองสญญาณดวยภาวะนาจะเปนสงสดสำหรบการไกลเกลยความผดพลาดแบบปรบอตราเขารหสเหมาะสมกบการกระจายกญแจรหสลบเชงควอนตม

พัชรพงษ์ ตรีวิริยานุภาพ, ธราธร พรมสะอาด

Published Nov 1, 2016• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

การกระจายกุญแจรหัสลับเชิงควอนตัมถือเป็นหนึ่งในเทคโนโลยีความปลอดภัยด้านการสื่อสาร โดยอาศัยหลักกลศาสตร์ควอนตัมเพื่อกำเนิดและแลกเปลี่ยนข้อมูลกุญแจรหัสลับระหว่างคู่สื่อสารให้มีความปลอดภัยสูงสุดสำหรับระบบวิทยาการรหัสลับ ซึ่งต้องอาศัยกระบวนการไกล่เกลี่ยความผิดพลาดเพื่อจุดประสงค์ในการยืนยันความถูกต้องของข้อมูลกุญแจรหัสลับระหว่างคู่สื่อสารให้มีค่าที่ตรงกัน ในบทความนี้ นำเสนอวิธีการประมาณค่าอัตราความผิดพลาดของช่องสัญญาณเชิงควอนตัมบนพื้นฐานของการประมาณค่าภาวะน่าจะเป็นสูงสุดจากชุดข้อมูลซินโดรมในระหว่างขั้นตอนการไกล่เกลี่ยความผิดพลาดสำหรับการปรับค่าอัตราการเข้ารหัสให้เหมาะสมกับความผิดพลาดของบิตข้อมูลกุญแจเชิงควอนตัมที่เกิดขึ้นในแต่ละช่วงเวลาด้วยรหัสตรวจสอบพาริตี้แบบความหนาแน่นต่ำ ตลอดจนการนำมาประยุกต์ใช้แทนขั้นตอนการเปิดเผยบิตข้อมูลกุญแจบางส่วนที่สูญเสียไปในการประมาณค่าความผิดพลาดแบบดั้งเดิม นำไปสู่ผลลัพธ์ของขนาดบิตข้อมูลกุญแจที่เพิ่มสูงขึ้น โดยจากการวิเคราะห์และทดสอบผลพบว่า วิธีการที่นำเสนอให้ความแม่นยำในการประมาณค่าอัตราความผิดพลาดครอบคลุมเงื่อนไขของการกระจายกุญแจรหัสลับเชิงควอนตัม นำไปสู่การเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพการไกล่เกลี่ยความผิดพลาดที่สูงขึ้นทั้งในด้านความปลอดภัยและอัตราการกำเนิดกุญแจรหัสลับ สนับสนุนการประยุกต์ใช้งานจริงในระบบการกระจายกุญแจรหัสลับเชิงควอนตัมความเร็วสูงQuantum Key Distribution (QKD), one of the communication security technologies, employs the properties of quantum mechanics to guarantee and exchange the perfectly-secured key generation between two legitimate parties for cryptographic purposes. The reconciliation process is required to correct the transmission error after the distribution of quantum objects. In this paper, the channel parameter estimation is proposed to estimate the error rate in the quantum channel by using the Maximum-Likelihood Estimation (MLE) based on the syndrome information for rate-adaptive reconciliation. The specific Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes are adapted to optimize their coding rates responding to the possible cases of error in QKD. The proposed method can be applied to avoid wasting sample keys in the traditional channel estimation, and led to increase the final secret key length. The simulation results show an accuracy of the estimated quantum bit error rate (QBER) for covering the range in QKD system. The gain of rate-adaptive reconciliation based on MLE confirms an improvement in the reconciliation efficiency that significantly impacts on the achievable secret key generation rate for high QKD throughput applications.

DOI
10.14416/j.kmutnb.2016.04.004

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การกระจายกุญแจรหัสลับเชิงควอนตัมถือเป็นหนึ่งในเทคโนโลยีความปลอดภัยด้านการสื่อสาร โดยอาศัยหลักกลศาสตร์ควอนตัมเพื่อกำเนิดและแลกเปลี่ยนข้อมูลกุญแจรหัสลับระหว่างคู่สื่อสารให้มีความปลอดภัยสูงสุดสำหรับระบบวิทยาการรหัสลับ ซึ่งต้องอาศัยกระบวนการไกล่เกลี่ยความผิดพลาดเพื่อจุดประสงค์ในการยืนยันความถูกต้องของข้อมูลกุญแจรหัสลับระหว่างคู่สื่อสารให้มีค่าที่ตรงกัน ในบทความนี้ นำเสนอวิธีการประมาณค่าอัตราความผิดพลาดของช่องสัญญาณเชิงควอนตัมบนพื้นฐานของการประมาณค่าภาวะน่าจะเป็นสูงสุดจากชุดข้อมูลซินโดรมในระหว่างขั้นตอนการไกล่เกลี่ยความผิดพลาดสำหรับการปรับค่าอัตราการเข้ารหัสให้เหมาะสมกับความผิดพลาดของบิตข้อมูลกุญแจเชิงควอนตัมที่เกิดขึ้นในแต่ละช่วงเวลาด้วยรหัสตรวจสอบพาริตี้แบบความหนาแน่นต่ำ ตลอดจนการนำมาประยุกต์ใช้แทนขั้นตอนการเปิดเผยบิตข้อมูลกุญแจบางส่วนที่สูญเสียไปในการประมาณค่าความผิดพลาดแบบดั้งเดิม นำไปสู่ผลลัพธ์ของขนาดบิตข้อมูลกุญแจที่เพิ่มสูงขึ้น โดยจากการวิเคราะห์และทดสอบผลพบว่า วิธีการที่นำเสนอให้ความแม่นยำในการประมาณค่าอัตราความผิดพลาดครอบคลุมเงื่อนไขของการกระจายกุญแจรหัสลับเชิงควอนตัม นำไปสู่การเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพการไกล่เกลี่ยความผิดพลาดที่สูงขึ้นทั้งในด้านความปลอดภัยและอัตราการกำเนิดกุญแจรหัสลับ สนับสนุนการประยุกต์ใช้งานจริงในระบบการกระจายกุญแจรหัสลับเชิงควอนตัมความเร็วสูงQuantum Key Distribution (QKD), one of the communication security technologies, employs the properties of quantum mechanics to guarantee and exchange the perfectly-secured key generation between two legitimate parties for cryptographic purposes. The reconciliation process is required to correct the transmission error after the distribution of quantum objects. In this paper, the channel parameter estimation is proposed to estimate the error rate in the quantum channel by using the Maximum-Likelihood Estimation (MLE) based on the syndrome information for rate-adaptive reconciliation. The specific Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes are adapted to optimize their coding rates responding to the possible cases of error in QKD. The proposed method can be applied to avoid wasting sample keys in the traditional channel estimation, and led to increase the final secret key length. The simulation results show an accuracy of the estimated quantum bit error rate (QBER) for covering the range in QKD system. The gain of rate-adaptive reconciliation based on MLE confirms an improvement in the reconciliation efficiency that significantly impacts on the achievable secret key generation rate for high QKD throughput applications.
The purpose of reconciliation, one of classical aspects of quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol, is to mitigate errors after the distribution of quantum information over a quantum channel. In this paper, a rate-adaptive method is proposed by means of a channel coding scheme where specific low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are adapted in the Slepian-Wolf coding system. Puncturing and shortening techniques are adopted to optimize their coding rates with all possible cases of error in QKD. This successful method utilizes the knowledge of the quantum bit error rate (QBER) based on the maximum-likelihood estimator with respect to the syndrome information. Its benefit is that avoids wasting sample keys in the traditional channel estimation and thus increases the size of the final secret key. Evidently, simulation results confirm an improvement in the reconciliation efficiency with minimal interaction that suitable for high QKD throughput applications.
In this paper, a rate-adaptive method is proposed an alternative reconciliation protocol by employing the LDPC-accumulate codes to the practical implementation in the quantum key distribution (QKD). The proposed rate-adaptive reconciliation is adapted in the Slepian-Wolf scheme where specific low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are constructed by accumulated syndrome encoding/decoding. Its objective is to skip the step of quantum bit error rate (QBER) estimation by the traditional key sampling that increases the final secret key length in practice. From the numerical results, the proposed method achieves a good performance in terms of the number of disclosed bits and reconciliation efficiency comparable to the conventional Winnow, Cascade, and fixed-rate compatible LDPC based protocols. Moreover, it can cover the possible cases of error rates in the QKD system. Therefore, method is suitable for the highspeed discrete-variable QKD applications.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a secure communication technique that uses quantum mechanical principles. This method enables two trusted users to exchange a secret key or message securely by exploiting the fundamental properties of quantum mechanics. Strong long-distance secure communication is provided by QKD but its effectiveness is mainly limited by quantum bit error rate (QBER), finite-key effects, and the effectiveness of classical error-correction during information reconciliation. In this work, we proposes a neural-aided adaptive reconciliation (NAAR) framework based on artificial neural networks for QKD that integrates a lightweight neural belief propagation decoder with QBER-driven adaptive LDPC coderate selection. By lowering frame-error rate and information leakage, neural-assisted log-likelihood ratio calibration enhances belief-propagation convergence for binary symmetric channels. The result shows an improvement in secret key rates (SKR) and lower error rates over traditional LDPC-based reconciliation.
Post-processing is a significant step in quantum key distribution (QKD), which is used for correcting the quantum-channel noise errors and distilling identical corrected keys between two distant legitimate parties. Efficient error reconciliation protocol, which can lead to an increase in the secure key generation rate, is one of the main performance indicators of QKD setups. In this paper, we propose a multi-low-density parity-check codes based reconciliation scheme, which can provide remarkable perspectives for highly efficient information reconciliation. By testing our approach through data simulation, we show that the proposed scheme combining multi-syndrome-based error rate estimation allows for a more accurate estimation of the error rate as compared with random sampling and single-syndrome estimation techniques before the error correction, as well as a significant increase in the efficiency of the procedure without compromising security and sacrificing reconciliation efficiency.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a promising field in modern cryptography where the security of key information is guaranteed by the laws of quantum mechanics. One of the key stages in QKD protocols is error estimation and reconciliation in the secret key. This procedure requires the transmission of a certain number of secret key bits over a public channel. Such transmission leads to disclosing these bits to a potential eavesdropper. The fraction of disclosed bits—the sampling rate-largely depends on the chosen approach for preliminary error estimation in the channel. This work is devoted to the optimization of the sampling rate for an LDPC code from the 5G\mathbf{5 G}5G standard. The results of our experiments show that for a QBER below 0.2 and key lengths of 264, 528, 792, and 1056 bits, it is necessary to disclose no more than 18%,11%,10%18 \%, 11 \%, 10 \%18%,11%,10%, and 7%7 \%7% of the key bits for error estimation, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm allows for similar optimization for any information reconciliation protocols and actual quantum bit error rates.
An effective post-processing algorithm is essential for achieving high rates of secret key generation in quantum key distribution. This work introduces an approach to quantum key distribution post-processing by integrating the three main steps into a unified procedure: syndrome-based error estimation, rate-adaptive reconciliation, and subblock confirmation. The proposed scheme employs low-density parity-check codes to estimate the quantum bit error rate using the syndrome information, and to optimize the channel coding rates based on the Slepian-Wolf coding scheme for the rate-adaptive method. Additionally, this scheme incorporates polynomial-based hash verification in the subblock confirmation process. The numerical results show that the syndrome-based estimation significantly enhances the accuracy and consistency of the estimated quantum bit error rate, enabling effective code rate optimization for rate-adaptive reconciliation. The unified approach, which integrates rate-adaptive reconciliation with syndrome-based estimation and subblock confirmation, exhibits superior efficiency, minimizes practical information leakage, reduces communication rounds, and guarantees convergence to the identical key. Furthermore, the simulations indicate that the secret key throughput of this approach achieves the theoretical limit in the context of a BB84 quantum key distribution system.