A team of quantum physicists from Harvard University measured a property called entanglement entropy, which quantifies the apparent randomness that comes with observing just a portion of an entangled whole. Markus Greiner and colleagues used lasers to create an optical cage with four compartments, each of which held a rubidium atom chilled to nearly absolute zero. The researchers could tweak the laser settings to adjust the height of the walls between compartments. If the walls were low enough, atoms could exploit their strange quantum ability to occupy multiple compartments at once. As the four atoms jumped around, they interacted and established a state of entanglement. [11] Physicists in the US and Serbia have created an entangled quantum state of nearly 3000 ultracold atoms using just one photon. This is the largest number of atoms ever to be entangled in the lab, and the researchers say that the technique could be used to boost the precision of atomic clocks. [10] The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron’s spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the relativistic quantum theory. The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of electromagnetic radiations being in the same intensity level and compensating each other. One of these compensating ratios is the electron – proton mass ratio. The lower energy side has no compensating intensity level, it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter.
We study the entanglement between an electron and the photon it scatters, resolved in real space and time. Starting from nonrelativistic QED in Fermi's oscillator representation, we write Fock's coupled equations for components with fixed photon number in the photon configuration space, in the length gauge, where the photon is created around the atom through a nonlocal kernel. Truncated at one photon, the equations are solved numerically without the rotating-wave approximation for a one-dimensional model atom in a waveguide with a single transverse mode and enhanced coupling. The atom is driven by a short, off-resonant laser pulse, with the electron and photon represented on real-space grids. The global electron-photon entanglement is largely transient. It peaks during the pulse and decreases as the polarized electron cloud returns to the core, leaving a state close to a product of the electron state and a superposition of the field vacuum with a single scattered photon. Local entanglement, obtained from walkers sampled across both photon-number components, exhibits opposite spatial patterns for the two particles. The electron entropy is smallest at the nucleus and maps the local strength of the dipole coupling, whereas the photon entropy is largest near the atom, where photons are created and absorbed, and smaller in the outgoing wave packets.