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Is this the possible explanation to the unpredictability of the direction of of gamma ray emission during electron-positron annihilation ?

Jayaram as

Published Jun 1, 2021• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This paper shows the various parameters to be considered, duringelectron - positron annihilation. Many of the theories suggest that directionof gamma ray emission cannot be predicted. This is normally justifiedby using quantum mechanics. This paper gives an alternative explanation tounpredictability of gamma ray direction. This explanation does not require thelogic of quantum mechanics. It requires modification of classical mechanics toaccount of the forces between colliding particles.The logic of this paper is thatin case of pair production involving gamma ray and electron- positron pair, theclassical mechanics calculation itself shows perfect conservation of directionand magnitude of momentum. There, a little recoiling of the nucleus is observedfor conserving momentum. Hence it must be possible to use classicalmechanics for the process of electron- positron annihilation process also.

DOI
10.31219/osf.io/dv87x

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This paper shows the various parameters to be considered, duringelectron - positron annihilation. Many of the theories suggest that directionof gamma ray emission cannot be predicted. This is normally justifiedby using quantum mechanics. This paper gives an alternative explanation tounpredictability of gamma ray direction. This explanation does not require thelogic of quantum mechanics. It requires modification of classical mechanics toaccount of the forces between colliding particles.The logic of this paper is thatin case of pair production involving gamma ray and electron- positron pair, theclassical mechanics calculation itself shows perfect conservation of directionand magnitude of momentum. There, a little recoiling of the nucleus is observedfor conserving momentum. Hence it must be possible to use classicalmechanics for the process of electron- positron annihilation process also.
We show that the electron-positron annihilation process resulting with the creation of two gamma photons cannot be fully determined without the conservation of the angular momentum which has two elements, namely, the conservation of the spin angular momentum and the conservation of the quantum flux which work as the conservation of the magnetic moments as well. The conservation of the quantum flux has never been considered so far for any collision process. We show that the missing conservation rule in the above process is the conservation of the total quantum flux which is the hidden variable of that process. By using the quantum entanglement together with the conservation of the quantum flux we show that the initial and the final states of this collision are fully determined. We also show that each of the gamma photons created in the end carries a quantum flux of ±Φ=±hc/e with itself along the propagation direction. Here the (+) and (−) signs correspond to the right hand and left circular helicity, respectively.
When a positron/electron pair annihilate via the two-photon pathway, the emitted photons are momentum correlated. This correlation ensures that they move along a straight line path in opposite directions. An experiment performed in 2004 by Dr. V.D. Irby measured the time interval between \ndetection of the photons. He observed a decay in the number of counts with increasing detection time interval, which he described using a Lorentzian, the line width of which at full-width half-maximum is \nmeasured to be 120ps. The data collected by Irby is interesting because current theory predicts that because the source is so localized (the effective source width used by Irby is safely within 5rnrn) the photons should be detected within a time interval of ?t=d/c where d is the thickness of the source. This time interval corresponds to 17ps. This thesis fits the results to an exponential, and shows that this exponentially decaying nature of the coincidence time interval is characteristic of the entanglement of the two photons. We find that the wavefunctions of the photons decoheres in space according to how long the particle pair took to decay (which is exponential), and that the probability of simultaneous \ndetection depends on the exponential of the product of the lifetime of positronium and the detection time interval.
In atomic, nuclear and particle physics we come across several situations where particles or radiation quanta (photons) are created or destroyed. For example in the beta decay of the neutron, a neutron is annihilated and a proton, electron and antineutrino are created. In some situations the interaction of radiation with matter can result in creation or annihilation of a pair of electron and positron. Such processes cannot be understood on the basis of (non-relativistic or relativistic) single particle wave equations because in such theories the probability ψ∗ψdτ (of finding the particle in the region of space dτ) when integrated over the whole space, results in unity at all times and so the existence of the particle is always guaranteed. Hence in the framework of single particle wave equation it is not possible to understand the creation or annihilation of particles. Even a simple process in which an atom undergoes a transition from an excited to the ground state by spontaneous emission of a photon in the absence of a perturbing electromagnetic field cannot be explained within this framework.
The entanglement of photons originating from electron-positron annihilation has not been experimentally proven.owever, the independent experiments performed so far unanimously confirm that the correlation between the linear polarizations of back-to-back photons from electron-positron annihilation is consistent with the assumption that these photons are entangled in the polarization.Yet, unexpectedly, recent experiments differ as regards the correlation of polarization direction of back-to-back photons after the decoherence induced by the scattering of one of these photons on the electron in the scattering material.In one of the experiments, the correlation before and after the decoherence of the photon state is the same, and in the other experiment, the scattering of one photon leads to a significant decrease in this correlation.Here we discuss this puzzle.Decoherent states were ensured provided by forcing one of the annihilation photons to scatter earlier before measuring the polarization correlation based on Compton kinematics.The comparison is made between the experimental setups used for the different measurements, and the results obtained are briefly discussed, highlighting the parameters that are important in performing such measurements.Finally, the main features of the J-PET detector are presented, along with the schemes for performing similar studies, so that the conclusive results can be used as remarks to solve the puzzle in question.Solving the decoherence puzzle will have crucial consequences for basic studies of entanglement, as well as for the proposed application of the photon polarization in positron emission tomography.If the correlation of the polarization of back-to-back photons from the electron-positron annihilation is the same before and after the scattering of these photons, then it will not be useful for the reduction of scatter fraction in positron emission tomography diagnostics.
We present the concept and development of a novel accelerator-based source of high-intensity quantum-entangled 511 keV gamma-ray pairs produced through positron-electron annihilation. The source leverages the unique capabilities of the proposed Jefferson Lab positron facility to generate polarized, high-current positron beams with a well-defined time structure. These beams enable the production of entangled annihilation photons at intensities far exceeding those available from conventional radioactive sources. The resulting gamma-ray pairs can be characterized using Compton polarimetry techniques, providing a powerful platform for precision studies of quantum entanglement. The combination of high intensity, controllable polarization, and precise timing also opens new opportunities in medical imaging, materials science, quantum information science, and spintronics. Compared with traditional radioactive sources, the proposed system offers orders-of-magnitude higher photon flux, tunable beam parameters, and unprecedented control of the annihilation process. We discuss the source design, methods for entanglement characterization, potential applications, and future development directions.