Final Words

Yan Mei Yu, Dong Qiu, Ruiteng Yan

To mine more semantic information between words, it is important to utilize the different semantic correlations between words. Focusing on the different degrees of modifying relations between words, this article provides a quantum-like text representation based on syntax tree for fuzzy semantic analysis. Firstly, a quantum-like text representation based on density matrix of individual words is generalized to represent the relationship of modification between words. Secondly, a fuzzy semantic membership function is constructed to discuss the different degrees of modifying relationships between words based on syntax tree. Thirdly, the tensor dot product is defined as the sentence semantic similarity by combining the operation rules of the tensor to effectively exploit the semantic information of all elements in the quantum-like sentence representation. Finally, extensive experiments on STS’12, STS’14, STS’15, STS’16 and SICK show that the provided model outperforms the baselines, especially for the data set containing multiple long-sentence pairs, which confirms there are fuzzy semantic associations between words.

Vivishek Sudhir

Jan C. A. Boeyens

Diederik Aerts, Jonito Aerts Arguëlles, Lester Beltran +2 more

Abstract We present a theoretical and empirical investigation of the statistical behaviour of the words in a text produced by human language. To this aim, we analyse the word distribution of various texts of Italian language selected from a specific literary corpus. We firstly generalise a theoretical framework elaborated by ourselves to identify ‘quantum mechanical statistics’ in large-size texts. Then, we show that, in all analysed texts, words distribute according to ‘Bose–Einstein statistics’ and show significant deviations from ‘Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics’. Next, we introduce an effect of ‘word randomization’ which instead indicates that the difference between the two statistical models is not as pronounced as in the original cases. These results confirm the empirical patterns obtained in texts of English language and strongly indicate that identical words tend to ‘clump together’ as a consequence of their meaning, which can be explained as an effect of ‘quantum entanglement’ produced through a phenomenon of ‘contextual updating’. More, word randomization can be seen as the linguistic-conceptual equivalent of an increase of temperature which destroys ‘coherence’ and makes classical statistics prevail over quantum statistics. Some insights into the origin of quantum statistics in physics are finally provided.

Detlef Dürr, Dustin Lazarovici

Mounssif Benchekroun

In this text, we propose a conceptual study of the relational framework througha detailed analogy with language. The central idea is that physical objects, events,measurements, and some notions of quantum physics may be interpreted as elementswhose meaning depends on their position within a global relational structure.In language, letters form words, words form sentences, sentences form paragraphs,paragraphs form chapters, and chapters form books. An isolated letter does not yetpossess the meaning of a word. An isolated word may have several possible meanings.A sentence selects a more precise meaning, while the book gives global coherence to thewhole structure.By analogy, the elementary bricks of physics may be viewed as letters, objects orparticles as words, events as sentences, physical scenes as paragraphs, coherent domainsas chapters, and the universe as an indexed relational library.This analogy also allows us to propose a relational reading of several quantum no-tions. The corpuscular aspect of a particle would correspond to the stable existenceof a word in a book. Measurement would correspond to the reading of a word in asentence, which selects one precise meaning among several possibilities. Wave-packetreduction would then be interpreted as a selection of relational meaning. Entanglementwould correspond to a correlation between two words belonging to the same structure ofmeaning, as in the example of the word director and the word school. Finally, entropymay be understood as a measure of the organization or dispersion of words, events, andpossible readings.The aim of this study is not to reduce physics to linguistics, but to use language asa structuring analogy in order to clarify the relational framework, especially the ideaof a universe after zero already inscribed in the form of indexed books, symmetric to astructure before zero.