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International Journal of Modern Physics B

Quantum dynamics of coupled bosonic wells within the Bose-Hubbard picture

Roberto Franzosi

Published Jan 1, 2000• 3 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/s0217-9792(00)00101-1

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We relate the quantum dynamics of the Bose–Hubbard model (BHM) to the semiclassical nonlinear equations that describe an array of interacting Bose condensates by implementing a standard variational procedure based on the coherent state method. We investigate the dynamics of the two-site BHM from the purely quantum viewpoint by recasting first the model within a spin picture and using then the related dynamical algebra. The latter allows us to study thoroughly the energy spectrum structure and to interpret quantally the classical symmetries of the two-site dynamics. The energy spectrum is also evaluated through various approximations relying on the coherent state approach.
We study how well magnetic models can be implemented with ultracold bosonic atoms of two different hyperfine states in an optical superlattice. The system is captured by a two-species Bose-Hubbard model, but realizes in a certain parameter regime actually the physics of a spin-1/2 Heisenberg magnet, describing the second-order hopping processes. Tuning of the superlattice allows for controlling the effect of fast first-order processes versus the slower second-order ones. Using the density-matrix renormalization-group method, we provide the evolution of typical experimentally available observables. The validity of the description via the Heisenberg model, depending on the parameters of the Hubbard model, is studied numerically and analytically. The analysis is also motivated by recent experiments [S. F\"olling et al., Nature (London) 448, 1029 (2007); S. Trotzky et al., Science 319, 295 (2008)] where coherent two-particle dynamics with ultracold bosonic atoms in isolated double wells were realized. We provide theoretical background for the next step, the observation of coherent many-particle dynamics after coupling the double wells. Contrary to the case of isolated double wells, relaxation of local observables can be observed. The tunability between the Bose-Hubbard model and the Heisenberg model in this setup could be used to study experimentally the differences in equilibration processes for nonintegrable and Bethe ansatz integrable models. We show that the relaxation in the Heisenberg model is connected to a phase averaging effect, which is in contrast to the typical scattering driven thermalization in nonintegrable models. We discuss the preparation of magnetic ground states by adiabatic tuning of the superlattice parameters.
This project studies the system formed by two coupled Bose-Einstein condensates, also known as the bosonic Josephson junction. A double-well model is used to trap the ultracold atoms, and special attention is paid to the understudied case of asymmetric wells. A brief introduction to Bose- Einstein condensates and their relationship to optical lattices is provided. The Bose-Hubbard model restricted to two wells is also described, and a large number of particles is considered, allowing for the use of the semiclassical mean-field approximation. By introducing anisotropy into this system, a symmetry breaking in phase space is found, which can be interpreted as a dissipative process emerging in semiclassical dynamics, although the total particle flux is conserved. Additionally, this same system is studied using the spin formalism considering a large number of bosons. Under this approach, the anisotropy affects the system in the same way as a Zeeman effect, where the dimer behaves as an N/2 spin model in the presence of an external magnetic field proportional to ∆. The expectation values of the spin components and their variances are studied, especially for ˆSz , which by definition represents the difference of particles for both wells and depends strongly on the anisotropy. The quantum fluctuations for ˆSx, ˆSy, and ˆSz decrease with increasing particle number, particularly as ∝ 1/N , suggesting that ˆSx, ˆSy, and ˆSz becomes more quantum localized near the semiclassical limit.