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SPIE Conference on Quantum and Nonlinear Optics

Quantum random number generation based on spontaneous Raman scattering in standard single-mode fiber

Yingying Hu, Xing Ping Lin, Shuang Wang, Jiaqi Geng, Zhen−Qiang Yin, Wei Chen, De‐Yong He, Wei Huang, Bingjie Xu, Guang‐Can Guo, Zheng-Fu Han

Published Oct 8, 2021• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We investigate a quantum random number generation (QRNG) based on backward spontaneous Raman scattering (SpRS) in standard single-mode fiber, where the randomness of photon wavelength superposition and arrival time are simultaneously utilized. The experiment uses four avalanche photodiodes working in gated Geiger mode to detect backward Raman scattering photons from four different wavelength channels and a time-to-digital converter placed behind the detectors to record their arrival time.

DOI
10.1117/12.2600561

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We investigate a quantum random number generation (QRNG) based on backward spontaneous Raman scattering (SpRS) in standard single-mode fiber, where the randomness of photon wavelength superposition and arrival time are simultaneously utilized. The experiment uses four avalanche photodiodes working in gated Geiger mode to detect backward Raman scattering photons from four different wavelength channels and a time-to-digital converter placed behind the detectors to record their arrival time.
We investigate quantum random number generation based on backward spontaneous Raman scattering in standard single-mode fiber, where the randomness of photon wavelength superposition and arrival time is simultaneously utilized. The experiment uses four avalanche photodiodes working in gated Geiger mode to detect backward Raman scattering photons from four different wavelength channels and a time-to-digital converter placed behind the detectors to record their arrival time. Both information of the wavelength and arrival time interval of photons from different channels are applied to generate random bits. Due to the independence of these two entropy sources, the random number resource of the present system is fully utilized. Five-bit raw data can be obtained for every effective click, which contains 2.87-bit min-entropy. To obtain the optimal generation rate of random bits, appropriate pump power and fiber length are adopted. The post-processing method by the SHA-256 hashing algorithm is used to remove the bias of the raw data, after which the final random bit sequences pass the NIST statistical test.
We investigate the generation of random numbers via the quantum process of spontaneous Raman scattering. Spontaneous Raman photons are produced by illuminating a highly nonlinear chalcogenide glass (As2S3) fiber with a CW laser at a power well below the stimulated Raman threshold. Single Raman photons are collected and separated into two discrete wavelength detuning bins of equal scattering probability. The sequence of photon detection clicks is converted into a random bit stream. Postprocessing is applied to remove detector bias, resulting in a final bit rate of ∼650 kb/s. The collected random bit-sequences pass the NIST statistical test suite for one hundred 1 Mb samples, with the significance level set to α=0.01. The fiber is stable, robust and the high nonlinearity (compared to silica) allows for a short fiber length and low pump power favourable for real world application.
Quantum random number generators adopting single photon detection have been restricted due to the non-negligible dead time of avalanche photodiodes (APDs). We propose a new approach based on an APD array to improve the generation rate of random numbers significantly. This method compares the detectors' responses to consecutive optical pulses and generates the random sequence. We implement a demonstration experiment to show its simplicity, compactness and scalability. The generated numbers are proved to be unbiased, post-processing free, ready to use, and their randomness is verified by using the national institute of standard technology statistical test suite. The random bit generation efficiency is as high as 32.8% and the potential generation rate adopting the 32 × 32 APD array is up to tens of Gbits/s.
Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) produce true random numbers with significant applications in quantum communication and numerical computation, where high-rate random number generation is critical. Photon detection-based quantum random-number generation methods have been widely studied. However, the generation rate is constrained by the count rate of single-photon detectors. This study proposes an efficient method that enhances random number generation by simultaneously detecting photons in temporal and spatial dimensions. We achieved simultaneous detection of photon arrival time and spatial position by employing a laboratory-developed 5 × 5 single-photon detector array and a high-saturation count rate multichannel time-to-digital converter. The maximum efficiency of the method was 21.1 bits per event and it maintained a consistent efficiency of 17.6 bits per event while achieving a random number generation rate of 2.1 Gbps. The proposed QRNG approach offers a promising pathway for significantly increasing random number generation rates, benefiting applications that require secure and high-speed random number sequences.