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Springer eBooks

Invariant Theoretic Derivation of the Connection Between Momentum and Velocity

S. M. W. Ahmad, Eugene Paul Wigner

Published Jan 1, 1997• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/978-3-662-09203-3_29

Related papers

Invariant theoretic derivation of the connection between momentum and velocity

S. M. W. Ahmad, Eugene Paul Wigner

Nuovo cimento della Società italiana di fisica. A, Nuclei, particles and fields•Jul 1, 1975•16 citations

APPLIED CHRONOKINETIC MOMENTUM AND KINEMATICS

Brett A Bray

Author Note: This deposit represents an early exploratory working paper in the development of the Quanta Kinetic framework. The core relativistic kinematics and dynamics have since been formally isolated and axiomatically derived in the peer-reviewed manuscript preprint here: 10.5281/zenodo.23567446. This paper formalizes momentum not as an independent dynamic vector, but as the active geometric reallocation of a system's invariant four-velocity budget away from internal temporal phase progression and into spatial propagation. Within the invariant four-velocity constraint v² + 𝕋² = c² g₀₀ (where 𝕋 ≡ c(dτ/dt) = c/γ defines the chronokinetic rate), acquiring spatial velocity directly throttles internal temporal phase processing. By substituting γ = c / 𝕋 into standard relativistic momentum (p = γ m₀ v), this work derives the Invariant Momentum Product: p · 𝕋 = m₀ c v This identity forms an exact mathematical symmetry with Einstein's energy product (E · 𝕋 = m₀ c³). Taking the ratio of both products directly recovers the foundational relativistic relation without ad-hoc postulates: (p · 𝕋) / (E · 𝕋) = (m₀ c v) / (m₀ c³) ⇒ p = E v / c² Key theoretical and operational developments include: Relativistic Quantum Operator Mechanics: Projecting the Klein-Gordon mass-shell relation (ʲ - p̂² c² = m₀² c⁴) onto the physical Hilbert space isolates the spatial velocity operator (v̂ ≡ c² p̂ Ê⁻¹, mapping to the Foldy-Wouthuysen mean-position operator) and the chronokinetic phase operator (𝕋̂ ≡ m₀ c³ Ê⁻¹). Evaluating expectation values across dispersed quantum wavepackets establishes the variance-bounded conservation identity: ⟨v̂⟩² + ⟨𝕋̂⟩² + (σ_v² + σ_𝕋²) = c² proving that spatial momentum and internal de Broglie phase evolution (ω₀ = m₀ c² / ℏ) are locked in an orthogonal, zero-sum competition across the invariant speed ceiling. Thermodynamic Coupling & Multi-Tier Velocity: Expanding spatial allocation into three orthogonal tiers—⟨v²⟩ ≡ v_bulk² + ⟨v_thermal²⟩ + σ_v² (bulk translation, thermal jitter, and quantum dispersion)—demonstrates that coherent macroscopic acceleration and incoherent microscopic heating draw additively from the exact same temporal budget. Collision Dynamics as Clock Re-Balancing: Classical and relativistic momentum exchange during physical collisions is reinterpreted as a dynamic re-balancing of local clock rates across interacting bodies. As Particle A transfers velocity to Particle B, Particle A sheds spatial velocity and recovers its proper-time existence rate (𝕋_A' > 𝕋_A), while Particle B acquires spatial velocity and sacrifices temporal passage (𝕋_B' < 𝕋_B), preserving the total four-velocity norm of the closed system: (v_A')² + (𝕋_A')² + (v_B')² + (𝕋_B')² = 2c²

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In a Galilean theory recently developed, the Lorentz force law has been modified in such a way that the electromagnetic force is invariant when observed in different inertial frames, as expected intuitively. In this investigation, based on the local-ether model of wave propagation, a Galilean-invariant wave equation is proposed. This wave equation incorporates a natural frequency and the electric scalar potential. A unique feature is that this potential connects to the augmentation operator which in turn is associated with the momentum operator and the velocity of the source particle. From this local-ether wave equation, a first-order time evolution equation is derived, which presents Galilean modifications of Schrodinger's equation. This modified equation in turn leads to the Galilean-invariant electromagnetic force law given in terms of the augmented potentials.

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Quantum Mechanics of Momentum Space

E. U. Condon

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Author Note: This deposit represents an early exploratory working paper in the development of the Quanta Kinetic framework. The core relativistic kinematics and dynamics have since been formally isolated and axiomatically derived in the peer-reviewed manuscript preprint here: 10.5281/zenodo.23567446. This paper formalizes momentum not as an independent dynamic vector, but as the active geometric reallocation of a system's invariant four-velocity budget away from internal temporal phase progression and into spatial propagation. Within the invariant four-velocity constraint v² + 𝕋² = c² g₀₀ (where 𝕋 ≡ c(dτ/dt) = c/γ defines the chronokinetic rate), acquiring spatial velocity directly throttles internal temporal phase processing. By substituting γ = c / 𝕋 into standard relativistic momentum (p = γ m₀ v), this work derives the Invariant Momentum Product: p · 𝕋 = m₀ c v This identity forms an exact mathematical symmetry with Einstein's energy product (E · 𝕋 = m₀ c³). Taking the ratio of both products directly recovers the foundational relativistic relation without ad-hoc postulates: (p · 𝕋) / (E · 𝕋) = (m₀ c v) / (m₀ c³) ⇒ p = E v / c² Key theoretical and operational developments include: Relativistic Quantum Operator Mechanics: Projecting the Klein-Gordon mass-shell relation (ʲ - p̂² c² = m₀² c⁴) onto the physical Hilbert space isolates the spatial velocity operator (v̂ ≡ c² p̂ Ê⁻¹, mapping to the Foldy-Wouthuysen mean-position operator) and the chronokinetic phase operator (𝕋̂ ≡ m₀ c³ Ê⁻¹). Evaluating expectation values across dispersed quantum wavepackets establishes the variance-bounded conservation identity: ⟨v̂⟩² + ⟨𝕋̂⟩² + (σ_v² + σ_𝕋²) = c² proving that spatial momentum and internal de Broglie phase evolution (ω₀ = m₀ c² / ℏ) are locked in an orthogonal, zero-sum competition across the invariant speed ceiling. Thermodynamic Coupling & Multi-Tier Velocity: Expanding spatial allocation into three orthogonal tiers—⟨v²⟩ ≡ v_bulk² + ⟨v_thermal²⟩ + σ_v² (bulk translation, thermal jitter, and quantum dispersion)—demonstrates that coherent macroscopic acceleration and incoherent microscopic heating draw additively from the exact same temporal budget. Collision Dynamics as Clock Re-Balancing: Classical and relativistic momentum exchange during physical collisions is reinterpreted as a dynamic re-balancing of local clock rates across interacting bodies. As Particle A transfers velocity to Particle B, Particle A sheds spatial velocity and recovers its proper-time existence rate (𝕋_A' > 𝕋_A), while Particle B acquires spatial velocity and sacrifices temporal passage (𝕋_B' < 𝕋_B), preserving the total four-velocity norm of the closed system: (v_A')² + (𝕋_A')² + (v_B')² + (𝕋_B')² = 2c²
In a Galilean theory recently developed, the Lorentz force law has been modified in such a way that the electromagnetic force is invariant when observed in different inertial frames, as expected intuitively. In this investigation, based on the local-ether model of wave propagation, a Galilean-invariant wave equation is proposed. This wave equation incorporates a natural frequency and the electric scalar potential. A unique feature is that this potential connects to the augmentation operator which in turn is associated with the momentum operator and the velocity of the source particle. From this local-ether wave equation, a first-order time evolution equation is derived, which presents Galilean modifications of Schrodinger's equation. This modified equation in turn leads to the Galilean-invariant electromagnetic force law given in terms of the augmented potentials.