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CRC Press eBooks

3,1 Effects of noise

Andrew S Milman

Published Mar 1, 2000• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

13.3,1 Effects of noise We shall see that the noise in the measurements limits our ability to make Q(x) as narrow as we might desire. Let s N
DOI
10.1201/b12790-99

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Whenever we try to make accurate measurements we discover that the quantities we are obseiVing appear to fluctuate randomly by a small amount. This limits our ability to make quick, accurate measurements and ensures that the amount of information we can collect or communicate is always finite. These random fluctuations are called Noise. They arise because the real world behaves in a quantised or 'lumpy' fashion. A common question when designing or using information systems is, 'Can we do any better?' In some cases it's possible to improve a system by choosing a better design or using it in a different way. In other cases we're up against fundamental limits set by unavoidable noise effects. To decide whether it is worth trying to build a better system we need to understand how noise arises and behaves. Here we will concentrate on electronic examples. However, you should bear in mind that similar results arise when we consider information carried in other ways (e.g. by photons in optonics systems).

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Spectral filtering is essential in daytime quantum key distribution (QKD), which can suppress the strong background noise caused by scattered solar irradiation. An integrated Fabry-Perot filter is implemented based on a scheme that combines a Fabry-Perot etalon and a dense-wavelength-division-multiplex filter for narrow linewidth filtering and broad-spectrum noise suppression, respectively. This filter is integrated into a butterfly package with single-mode fibers for optical input and output, thereby enhancing high robustness and ease of use. The measurement results show that the filter has a linewidth of 25.6 pm, a noise suppression of over 44.7 dB ranging between 1380-1760 nm, an optical efficiency of 74.5% with variation less than 0.9% in 120 min, and a polarization fidelity after compensation exceeding 99.9%. The ability of fine-tuning the central wavelength with 9.5 pm/°C makes it very suitable for satellite-based applications under the Doppler effect. Further analysis is also given to demonstrate the prospects of applying this filter in future satellite-based daytime QKD applications.

Applied Optics•Jan 4, 2022•18 citations
Whenever we try to make accurate measurements we discover that the quantities we are obseiVing appear to fluctuate randomly by a small amount. This limits our ability to make quick, accurate measurements and ensures that the amount of information we can collect or communicate is always finite. These random fluctuations are called Noise. They arise because the real world behaves in a quantised or 'lumpy' fashion. A common question when designing or using information systems is, 'Can we do any better?' In some cases it's possible to improve a system by choosing a better design or using it in a different way. In other cases we're up against fundamental limits set by unavoidable noise effects. To decide whether it is worth trying to build a better system we need to understand how noise arises and behaves. Here we will concentrate on electronic examples. However, you should bear in mind that similar results arise when we consider information carried in other ways (e.g. by photons in optonics systems).
Abstract We show that the ability to make direct measurements of momentum, in addition to the usual direct measurements of position, allows a simple configuration of two identical mechanical oscillators to be used for broadband back-action-free force metrology. This would eliminate the need for an optical reference oscillator in the scheme of Tsang and Caves (2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 123601 ), along with its associated disadvantages. We also show that if one is restricted to position measurements alone then two copies of the same two-oscillator configuration can be used for narrow-band back-action-free force metrology.
Spectral filtering is essential in daytime quantum key distribution (QKD), which can suppress the strong background noise caused by scattered solar irradiation. An integrated Fabry-Perot filter is implemented based on a scheme that combines a Fabry-Perot etalon and a dense-wavelength-division-multiplex filter for narrow linewidth filtering and broad-spectrum noise suppression, respectively. This filter is integrated into a butterfly package with single-mode fibers for optical input and output, thereby enhancing high robustness and ease of use. The measurement results show that the filter has a linewidth of 25.6 pm, a noise suppression of over 44.7 dB ranging between 1380-1760 nm, an optical efficiency of 74.5% with variation less than 0.9% in 120 min, and a polarization fidelity after compensation exceeding 99.9%. The ability of fine-tuning the central wavelength with 9.5 pm/°C makes it very suitable for satellite-based applications under the Doppler effect. Further analysis is also given to demonstrate the prospects of applying this filter in future satellite-based daytime QKD applications.