Applications

Paweł Śniatała, Sitharama S. Iyengar, Sanjeev Kaushik Ramani

Rei Kawano, S. Nishio, Hideaki Kawaguchi +2 more

Although the network architecture of the Quantum Internet has not yet been established, a hierarchical structure similar to that of the classical Internet has been proposed in recent years. However, discussions on the application layer, the highest layer in the hierarchy, are still in their early stages, and a major challenge lies in the non-trivial task of converting applications into a form that can be accepted by the lower layers. In this study, we propose a framework that defines the necessary information and procedures for executing applications on the Quantum Internet, aiming for seamless integration of the quantum network stack, including the application layer. Our framework builds upon the RuleSet-based protocol, which enables connectivity below the application layer. Before application execution, it clarifies inter-node communication procedures, organizes essential application information, and introduces new Rules for application execution, thereby embedding application-specific information into RuleSets. Through this process, applications are transformed into a format executable on the Quantum Internet. The feasibility of our proposed protocol is validated by converting into an intermediate representation (IR) format that can be executed on nodes within QuISP, a large-scale quantum network simulator. This approach facilitates seamless connectivity from the application layer to the physical layer in the quantum network architecture, reducing barriers to deploying future Quantum Internet applications.

Vijayarangan Natarajan

Lin Cun-fan

In the paper, the second applicable range (macroscopic body) of classical mechanics is fulfilled as symmetrical and strict as the first applicable range (vc) on the basis of quantum mechanics. And another applicable range (application in body which is not acted as chaos movement) is presented on the basis of chaos theory.

Karoline Wild, Uwe Breitenbücher, Lukas Harzenetter +3 more

Quantum computing introduces a new computing paradigm that promises to solve problems that cannot be solved by classical computers efficiently. Thus, quantum applications will be more and more integrated in classical applications. To bring these composite applications into production, technologies for an automated deployment and orchestration are required to avoid manual error-prone and time-consuming processes. For non-quantum applications, a variety of deployment technologies have been developed in recent years. However, the deployment of quantum applications currently differs significantly from non-quantum applications and thus, leads to a different modeling procedure for the deployment of quantum applications. To overcome these problems, we propose TOSCA4QC that introduces two deployment modeling styles based on the Topology and Orchestration Specification for Cloud Applications (TOSCA) standard for automating the deployment and orchestration of quantum applications: (i) SDK-specific modeling style to cover all technical deployment details and (ii) SDK-agnostic modeling style supporting common modeling principles. We further show how existing model-driven development (MDD) approach can be applied to refine a SDK-agnostic model to an executable SDK-specific model. We demonstrate the practical feasibility by a prototypical implementation as an extension of the TOSCA ecosystem OpenTOSCA and three case studies with IBMQ and a quantum simulator.

Rei Kawano, Shin Nishio, Hideaki Kawaguchi +2 more

Layered architectures for the Quantum Internet have been proposed, inspired by that of the classical Internet, which has demonstrated high maintainability even in large-scale systems. While lower layers in the Quantum Internet, such as entanglement generation and distribution, have been extensively studied, the application layer - responsible for translating user requests into executable quantum-network operations - remains largely unexplored. A significant challenge is translating application-level requests into the concrete instructions executable at lower layers. In this work, we introduce a RuleSet-based framework that explicitly incorporates the application layer into the layered architecture of the Quantum Internet. Our framework builds on a RuleSet-based protocol, clarifying communication procedures, organizing application request information, and introducing new Rules for application execution by embedding application specifications into RuleSets. To evaluate feasibility, we constructed state machines from the generated RuleSets. This approach enables a transparent integration from the application layer down to the physical layer, thereby lowering barriers to deploying new applications on the Quantum Internet.