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Applied Physics Letters

Experimental characterization of quantum correlated triple beams generated by cascaded four-wave mixing processes

Zhongzhong Qin, Leiming Cao, Jietai Jing

Published May 25, 2015• 25 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum correlations and entanglement shared among multiple modes are fundamental ingredients of most continuous-variable quantum technologies. Recently, a method used to generate multiple quantum correlated beams using cascaded four-wave mixing (FWM) processes was theoretically proposed and experimentally realized by our group [Z. Qin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 023602 (2014)]. Our study of triple-beam quantum correlation paves the way to showing the tripartite entanglement in our system. Our system also promises to find applications in quantum information and precision measurement such as the controlled quantum communications, the generation of multiple quantum correlated images, and the realization of a multiport nonlinear interferometer. For its applications, the degree of quantum correlation is a crucial figure of merit. In this letter, we experimentally study how various parameters, such as the cell temperatures, one-photon, and two-photon detunings, influence the degree of quantum correlation between the triple beams generated from the cascaded two-FWM configuration.

DOI
10.1063/1.4921842

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Quantum correlations and entanglement shared among multiple modes are fundamental ingredients of most continuous-variable quantum technologies. Recently, a method used to generate multiple quantum correlated beams using cascaded four-wave mixing (FWM) processes was theoretically proposed and experimentally realized by our group [Z. Qin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 023602 (2014)]. Our study of triple-beam quantum correlation paves the way to showing the tripartite entanglement in our system. Our system also promises to find applications in quantum information and precision measurement such as the controlled quantum communications, the generation of multiple quantum correlated images, and the realization of a multiport nonlinear interferometer. For its applications, the degree of quantum correlation is a crucial figure of merit. In this letter, we experimentally study how various parameters, such as the cell temperatures, one-photon, and two-photon detunings, influence the degree of quantum correlation between the triple beams generated from the cascaded two-FWM configuration.
We theoretically and experimentally characterize the performance of the pairwise correlations from triple quantum correlated beams based on the cascaded four-wave mixing (FWM) processes. The pairwise correlations between any two of the beams are theoretically calculated and experimentally measured. The experimental and theoretical results are in good agreement. We find that two of the three pairwise correlations can be in the quantum regime. The other pairwise correlation is always in the classical regime. In addition, we also measure the triple-beam correlation which is always in the quantum regime. Such unbalanced and controllable pairwise correlation structures may be taken as advantages in practical quantum communications, for example, hierarchical quantum secret sharing. Our results also open the way for the classification and application of quantum states generated from the cascaded FWM processes.
Theoretical studies and experimental implementations of quantum correlation are the important contents of continuous variables quantum optics and quantum information science. There are various systems for the study of quantum correlation. Here, we study an experimental scheme for generating three quantum correlated beams based on phase-sensitive cascaded four-wave-mixing (FWM) processes in rubidium vapor. Quantum correlation including intensity difference or sum squeezing, two other combinatorial squeezing, and quantum entanglement among the three output light fields are theoretically analyzed in this paper. Also, the comparison of the quantum correlations have been made between the phase-sensitive cascaded FWM processes and the phase-insensitive cascaded FWM processes. By changing the phases and intensities of the input beams, it is interesting to find that the maximum degrees of various combinatorial squeezing are equal when the two FWM processes share a common intensity gain. When the common intensity gain of the two FWM processes changes, the maximum degrees of different combinatorial squeezing will be synchronously controlled. At last we discuss the genuine tripartite entanglement and steering in our phase-sensitive cascaded scheme, and compare them with the cases of the phase-insensitive cascaded scheme.
We investigate the possibility of an experimentally feasible cascaded four-wave mixing (FWM) system [Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 023602 (2014)] to generate tripartite entanglement. We verify that genuine tripartite entanglement is present in this system by calculating the covariances of three output beams and then considering the violations of the inequalities of the three-mode entanglement criteria, such as two-condition criterion, single-condition criterion, optimal single-condition criterion and the positivity under partial transposition (PPT) criterion. We also consider the possibilities of the bipartite entanglement of any pair of the three output beams using the Duan-Giedke-Cirac-Zoller criterion and PPT criterion. We find that the tripartite entanglement and the bipartite entanglement for the two pairs are present in the whole gain region. The entanglement characteristics under different entanglement criteria are also considered. Our results pave the way for the realization and application of multipartite entanglement based on the cascaded FWM processes.
We experimentally explore the relationships between the number of multiple quantum correlated beams generated by two-beam pumped cascaded four-wave mixing (CFWM) process and the system parameters, such as the angle between the two pump beams, one-photon detuning and two-photon detuning. We find that all of three system parameters can influence the number of multiple quantum correlated beams. Under the optimal system parameters, we can observe the emission of up to 14 quantum correlated beams with the intensity-difference squeezing of -6.29 ± 0.20 dB (-7.93 ± 0.64 dB after accounting for losses) from such CFWM scheme. Our results may find potential applications in building multi-user quantum network and multi-parameter quantum metrology.
We theoretically characterize the performance of the pairwise correlations (PCs) from multiple quantum correlated beams based on the cascaded four-wave mixing (FWM) processes. The presence of the PCs with quantum corre- lation in these systems can be verified by calculating the degree of intensity difference squeezing for any pair of all the output fields. The quantum correlation characteristics of all the PCs under different cascaded schemes are also discussed in detail and the repulsion effect between PCs in these cascaded FWM processes is theoretically predicted. Our results open the way for the classification and application of quantum states generated from the cascaded FWM processes.
Quantum correlations and entanglement shared among multiple quantum modes are important for both fundamental science and the future development of quantum technologies. This development will also require an efficient quantum interface between multimode quantum light sources and atomic ensembles, which makes it necessary to implement multimode quantum light sources that match the atomic transitions. Here, we report on such a source that provides a method for generating quantum correlated beams that can be extended to a large number of modes by using multiple four-wave mixing (FWM) processes in hot rubidium vapor. Experimentally, we show that two cascaded FWM processes produce strong quantum correlations between three bright beams but not between any two of them. In addition, the intensity-difference squeezing is enhanced with the cascaded system to -7.0±0.1 dB from the -5.5±0.1/-4.5±0.1 dB squeezing obtained with only one FWM process. One of the main advantages of our system is that as the number of quantum modes increases, so does the total degree of quantum correlations. The proposed method is also immune to phase instabilities due to its phase insensitive nature, can easily be extended to multiple modes, and has potential applications in the production of multiple quantum correlated images.