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Progress of Theoretical Physics

Bethe Lattice and the Bethe Approximation

Seiichiro Katsura, M. Takizawa

Published Jan 1, 1974• 145 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Statistical mechanics of the Bethe lattice was developed. Properties of the Bethe lattice, i. e., (of the Bethe approximation) were summarized including low temperature susceptibilities of ferro- and antiferromagnets. The equivalence of the exact solution of the Bethe lattice to the Bethe approximation of the Ising model in the case of the antiferromagnetism was shown. The partition function of the Bethe lattice with first and second neighbor interactions was obtained and the critical temperature was calculated in the case where the first neighbor interaction is ferromagnetic.

DOI
10.1143/ptp.51.82

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Statistical mechanics of the Bethe lattice was developed. Properties of the Bethe lattice, i. e., (of the Bethe approximation) were summarized including low temperature susceptibilities of ferro- and antiferromagnets. The equivalence of the exact solution of the Bethe lattice to the Bethe approximation of the Ising model in the case of the antiferromagnetism was shown. The partition function of the Bethe lattice with first and second neighbor interactions was obtained and the critical temperature was calculated in the case where the first neighbor interaction is ferromagnetic.
The one-dimensional Ising model is investigated by generalizing the Bethe approximation, which, in this case, gives exact solutions. The energy, specific heat and the zero field susceptibility for S =1, 3/2 and 2 except the susceptibility for S =2 are calculated exactly and compared with the results of Suzuki et al. . As a direct application of this method, the special lattice called the Bethe lattice is treated, and the Curie temperature of the lattice for S =1 is obtained. This method is also applied to solve the one-dimensional Ising model with the second neighbor interactions as well as the first neighbor ones, and the energy and specific heat for S =1/2 are calculated.
Two properties of the Ising model are considered. Firstly, by extrapolating appropriate series expansions, the spontaneous magnetization of a ferromagnet for three-dimensional lattices is obtained. From the results accurate values for the critical temperature are found. Secondly, the high temperature susceptibility of an antiferromagnet is derived from the approximation of Kikuchi. The resulting susceptibility curves show that for loose-packed lattices a maximum value occurs at a temperature slightly above the critical point, while for the close-packed lattices no such effect is obtained.
The partition functions of the two- and three-dimensional finite Ising models in the presence of a magnetic field have been calculated with use of a high-speed computer. Periodic boundary conditions were imposed. All the numbers of configurations for the 3×3×3, 5×5, and 4×6 lattices are tabulated. The distribution of zeros of the partition functions in the complex magnetic-field plane has been obtained both for the ferro- and antiferromagnetic cases. The zeros in the ferromagnetic cases are distributed on the unit circle according to the Yang-Lee theorem, and the dependence on temperature of the distribution functions has been studied. In the antiferromagnetic case most of zeros are on the negative real axis, but a certain number of complex roots appear in the left half of the plane. The magnetization and the magnetic susceptibility have been calculated as functions of temperature.
The square Ising lattice with unequal first- and second-neighbor interactions has been considered. Among the exact results discussed, we show that the lowest energy state can be ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, or superantiferromagnetic, and the transition temperature should vanish in some cases. It is also shown that this problem is a special case of a more general problem arising in the statistical consideration of the hydrogen-bonded crystals. A well-defined approximation procedure is then introduced to solve the latter problem and to derive the (approximate) critical condition and expressions for the thermodynamic functions. The critical temperature thus determined is exact for the regular Ising lattice and for the lattices with Tc=0{T}_{c}=0Tc​=0 while for the equivalent neighbor model the error is less than 2%. The specific heat possesses the usual logarithmic singularity in all cases.
We use an effective field model which explicitly incorporates correlations to determine the critical temperatures for Ising ferromagnets on the common lattices. We specifically retain only the first nontrivial odd correlation function, i.e., the triplet correlation function, while neglecting higher order correlations. Within this approximation, assuming the equivalence of triplet correlations involving both central and noncentral sites in the nearest neighbor cluster yields values for the critical temperature below the Bethe approximations for z⩾4. Likewise, assuming the inequivalence of triplet correlations involving the central and noncentral sites yields values of the critical temperature only slightly higher than the Bethe approximation for z⩾4. For lattices with four- and six-fold coordination this equivalence and inequivalence of triplet correlation functions is sufficient to cause the critical temperatures to approach their two- and three-dimensional values. For instance, for quadratic lattices we obtain values for the critical temperature of 2.5284 and 2.9796 as compared to the exact and series results of 2.2692 and 2.7044 for the simple quadratic and diamond lattices, respectively, and the Bethe approximation of 2.8854.
In the Bethe lattice in which the Bethe approximation is exact, the Curie temperatures of the Ising model with spin S=12S=\frac{1}{2}S=21​, 1,…, 52\frac{5}{2}25​ are obtained exactly by generalizing the method of Katsura and Takizawa for the system with S=12S=\frac{1}{2}S=21​. This method is applied to the planar rotator model on the infinite Cayley tree, and the critical temperature and the susceptibility are rigorously calculated. It is pointed out that the susceptibility diverges below the critical temperature, on the other hand the spontaneous magnetization vanishes as the ground state is degenerated infinitely.