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Physical Review A

Inhibition of atomic phase decays by squeezed light in a microscopic Fabry-Pérot cavity

A. S. Parkins, Crispin W. Gardiner

Published Oct 1, 1989• 66 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The inhibition of atomic phase decays by squeezed light, as first predicted by Gardiner [Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 1917 (1986)], has yet to be confirmed experimentally. A major obstacle to such an experiment is the production of an effective squeezed-vacuum--atom coupling, so that the atom interacts only with squeezed modes of the radiation field. In this paper we propose the use of a microscopic plane-mirror Fabry-P\'erot cavity to effect a strong selection of modes coupling to the atom. It is shown that a significant reduction in fluctuations experienced by the atom can be achieved in one quadrature, with an input squeezed beam of modest angular dimensions, provided that the phase (and to lesser extent the amplitude) characteristics of the input beam are suitably matched to the cavity.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.40.3796

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The inhibition of atomic phase decays by squeezed light, as first predicted by Gardiner [Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 1917 (1986)], has yet to be confirmed experimentally. A major obstacle to such an experiment is the production of an effective squeezed-vacuum--atom coupling, so that the atom interacts only with squeezed modes of the radiation field. In this paper we propose the use of a microscopic plane-mirror Fabry-P'erot cavity to effect a strong selection of modes coupling to the atom. It is shown that a significant reduction in fluctuations experienced by the atom can be achieved in one quadrature, with an input squeezed beam of modest angular dimensions, provided that the phase (and to lesser extent the amplitude) characteristics of the input beam are suitably matched to the cavity.
It has been suggested that phased atomic decay in a squeezed vacuum could be detected in the fluorescence spectrum emitted from a driven two-level atom in a cavity. Recently, the existence of other very distinctive features in the fluorescence spectra arising from the nonclassical features of the squeezed vacuum has been reported. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of experimental observation of these spectra. The main obstacle to the experimentalist is ensuring an effective squeezed-vacuum-atom coupling. To overcome this problem we propose the use of a Fabry-P\'erot microcavity. The analysis involves a consideration of the three-dimensional nature of the electromagnetic field, and the possibility of a mismatch between the squeezed and cavity modes. The problem of squeezing bandwidths is also addressed. We show that under experimentally realistic circumstances many of the spectral anomalies predicted in free space also occur in this environment. In addition, we report large population inversions in the dressed states of the two-level atom.
One of the canonical questions in quantum optics is the nature of the radiative properties of an atom when the normal vacuum fluctuations of the electromagnetic reservoir are replaced by the asymmetric, reduced fluctuations of a squeezed vacuum. While the basic radiative linewidth-narrowing effect has been known for over a decade [C. W. Gardiner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 1917 (1986)], experimental realizations with operationally definable definitive manifestations of the quantum nature of the squeezed reservoir have been largely lacking from subsequent investigations. This paper presents measurements on an experimentally realized atom--squeezed-light system, in which the squeezed-light output of a subthreshold optical parametric oscillator illuminates an atom strongly coupled to a high-finesse optical resonator. Transmission of a weak probe field incident on the atom-cavity system is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Alteration of the transmitted probe spectrum has been observed, as has a transmission modulation that depends on the phase of the squeezed field relative to a saturating coherent field (displaced squeezing). In certain parameter regimes, properties unique to the quantum nature of the squeezed light have been identified in the theoretical treatment, but complications in the experiment prevent their unequivocal measure. It is found that the observed effects of the squeezed light are dramatically reduced relative to the predictions of an idealized theory. This is quantitatively attributed to the effects of atomic beam fluctuations and a simple modeling of the atomic beam as an additional loss mechanism in the theory leads to reasonable agreement with the data.
By reduction of the electromagnetic field fluctations in one quadrature phase, squeezed light can inhibit the phase decay of an atom. This gives three relaxation times: the usual longitudinal relaxation time and two different transverse relaxation times, which are inversely proportional to the variances of the two quadrature phases of the incident light. With sufficient reduction of one variance, the corresponding relaxation time can be made arbitrarily long. The two transverse decay times are observable in the spectrum of the fluorescent light, thus providing measure of the squeezing in the incident light.
We analyze the pairwise atomic states that are produced when a system of two atoms is irradiated by a squeezed vacuum field. Included in the analysis is the three-dimensional squeezed vacuum field propagated over a solid angle \ensuremath{\Omega}, the interatomic separation r12{\mathit{r}}_{12}r12​, the microscopic Fabry-P\'erot cavity, and the role played by an imperfect coupling between the cavity modes and squeezed input modes. It is shown that the steady state of the system in free space is the pairwise atomic state when the atoms interact with a perfect squeezed dipole wave and the interatomic separations are much smaller than the resonant wavelength (Dicke model). With the interatomic separations comparable to the resonant wavelength or with an imperfect squeezed dipole wave, the system decays to a state that is not the pairwise atomic state. The effect of squeezed vacuum field on the system is now manifested by the selective population of the collective atomic states. For atoms inside a microscopic Fabry-P\'erot cavity the pairwise atomic states are produced with an imperfect squeezed dipole wave. This can occur even for small solid angles \ensuremath{\Omega}. However, this effect is sensitive to mode matching between internal and external fields. It is shown that with a Gaussian profile for the input squeezed modes the steady state is not the pairwise atomic states, but a significant reduction of the population in the symmetric state still can be observed.