For the prominent science writer Jeremy Bernstein, the profile is the most congenial way of communicating science. Here, in what he labels a "series of conversations carried on in the reader's behalf and my own," he evokes the tremendous intellectual excitement of the world of modern physics, especially the quantum revolution. Drawing on his well-known talent for explaining the most complex scientific ideas for the layperson, Bernstein gives us a lively sense of what the issues of quantum mechanics are and of various ways in which individual physicists approached them. The author begins this series of interconnected profiles by describing the life and work of John Stewart Bell, the brilliant physicist employed at the gigantic elementary particle laboratory near Geneva (CERN), whose "Bell's Inequality" inspired a generation of researchers to confront, by experiment, just how peculiar and counterintuitional quantum mechanics really is. Bernstein then discusses the career of the prodigiously active and creative John Archibald Wheeler, who worked in the beginning stages of almost every branch of contemporary physics and invented the terms "black hole," "ergo-sphere," "geon," "Planck length," and "stellarator." The book closes with a moving commentary on the correspondence, of fifty-two years duration, between Einstein and the gentle, talented, but little-known Swiss engineer Michele Angelo Besso. "Of all the Einstein letters I have read these are surely the most striking, on a purely human level," writes Bernstein of the Einstein-Besso correspondence. "Einstein was not given to close friendships--`the merely personal,' as he once put it--but these letters are filled with `the merely personal,' even though the deep issues of physics and its philosophy are never very far away."
For the prominent science writer Jeremy Bernstein, the profile is the most congenial way of communicating science. Here, in what he labels a "series of conversations carried on in the reader's behalf and my own," he evokes the tremendous intellectual excitement of the world of modern physics, especially the quantum revolution. Drawing on his well-known talent for explaining the most complex scientific ideas for the layperson, Bernstein gives us a lively sense of what the issues of quantum mechanics are and of various ways in which individual physicists approached them. The author begins this series of interconnected profiles by describing the life and work of John Stewart Bell, the brilliant physicist employed at the gigantic elementary particle laboratory near Geneva (CERN), whose "Bell's Inequality" inspired a generation of researchers to confront, by experiment, just how peculiar and counterintuitional quantum mechanics really is. Bernstein then discusses the career of the prodigiously active and creative John Archibald Wheeler, who worked in the beginning stages of almost every branch of contemporary physics and invented the terms "black hole," "ergo-sphere," "geon," "Planck length," and "stellarator." The book closes with a moving commentary on the correspondence, of fifty-two years duration, between Einstein and the gentle, talented, but little-known Swiss engineer Michele Angelo Besso. "Of all the Einstein letters I have read these are surely the most striking, on a purely human level," writes Bernstein of the Einstein-Besso correspondence. "Einstein was not given to close friendships--the merely personal,' as he once put it--but these letters are filled with the merely personal,' even though the deep issues of physics and its philosophy are never very far away."
Introduction This contribution to the book in honour of J. S. Bell will probably differ from the remaining ones, in particular since only a part of it will be devoted to specific technical arguments. In fact I have considered it appropriate to share with the community of physicists interested in the foundational problems of our best theory the repeated interactions I had with him in the last four years of his life, the deep discussions in which we have been involved in particular in connection with the elaboration of collapse theories and their interpretation, and the contributions he gave to the development of this approach at a formal level, as well as championing it on repeated occasions. In brief, I intend to play here the role of one of those lucky persons who became acquainted with him personally, who has exchanged important views with him, who has learned a lot from his deep insight and conceptual lucidity, and, last but not least, whose scientific work has been appreciated by him. Moreover, due to the fact that this book intends to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the derivation of the fundamental inequality which bears his name, I will also devote a small part of the text to recalling his clearcut views about the locality issue, views that I believe have not been grasped correctly by a remarkable part of the scientific community. I will analyze this problem in quite general terms at the end of the paper. Some of Bell's Scientific Achievements Bell received bachelor's degrees in experimental physics and in mathematical physics at Queen'sUniversity of Belfast in the years 1948 and 1949, respectively, and a PhD in physics at the University of Birmingham. We all know very well that already at that time he was absolutely unsatisfied with the conceptual structure of quantum mechanics and with the way in which it was taught. This is significantly expressed by the statement he made during an interview to Jeremy Bernstein: I remember arguing with one of my professors, a Doctor Sloane, about that. I was getting very heated and accusing him, more or less, of dishonesty. He was getting very heated too and said, ‘You're going too far.’
Even the experts do not understand it the way they would like to, and it is perfectly reasonable that they should not, because all of direct, human experience and of human intuition applies to large objects. Richard P. Feynman Two great intellectual triumphs occurred in the first quarter of the twentieth century: the invention of the theory of relativity, and the rather more labored arrival of quantum mechanics. The former largely embodies the ideas, and almost exclusively the vision, of Albert Einstein; the latter benefited from many creative minds, and from a constant interplay between theory and experiment. Probability plays no direct role in relativity, which is thus outside the purview and purpose of this book. However, Einstein will make an appearance in the following pages, in what some would claim was his most revolutionary role – as diviner of the logical and physical consequences of every idea that was put forward in the formative stages of quantum mechanics. It is one of the ironies of the history of science that Einstein, who contributed so importantly to the task of creating this subject, never accepted that the job was finished when a majority of physicists did. As a consequence, he participated only indirectly in the great adventure of the second quarter of the century: the use of quantum mechanics to explain the structure of atoms, nuclei, and matter.
It’s well known the role of John Bell’s article On the Einstein- Podolsky-Rosen paradox, published in 1964, for having aroused a renewed interest toward the research about Quantum Mechanics foundations, though only after some years it was observed the consequences in stimulating and orienting the reflection and the research work of physicists concerned with the topic. In fact, the interest and the participation in the debate expanded following the article by Clauser, Horne, Holt and Shimony in 1969 on the proposal of experimental tests on Bell’s inequality verify, as well as after contributions and discussion at Varenna Conference in 1970 and the out- comes publication of first generation experimental tests conducted between 1972 and 1976. From John Bell’s scientific correspondence 10 unpublished letters are selected and, from November 1970 to January 1980, these docu- ments testify and confirm an increased involvement in the research on Quantum Mechanics foundations and involve, as interlocutors of the corre- spondence, authors such as Max Jammer, Daniel Evrard, Francois Bonsack Chabat, Louis de Broglie, David Bohm and Basil Hiley.
This invaluable book takes the reader from Planck's discovery of the quantum in 1900 to the most recent interpretations and applications of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. The introduction of the quantum idea leads off the prehistory of quantum mechanics, featuring Planck, Einstein, Bohr, Compton, and de Broglie's immortal contributions. Their original discovery papers are featured with explanatory notes and developments in Part 1. The invention of matrix mechanics and quantum mechanics by Heisenberg, Born, Jordan, Dirac, and Schrödinger is presented next, in Part 2. Following that, in Part 3, are the Einstein–Bohr debates on the interpretation of quantum mechanics culminating in Bell's inequality and Aspect's experiment demonstrating the actuality of the long range quantum correlations to which Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen took great exception. Resolutions of quantum paradoxes and the current state of such debates are summarized. Part 4 presents a selection of the most dramatic modern developments, both theoretical and experimental. These include Feynman path integrals, the modern interpretation based on decoherence, quantum optics experiments leading to teleportation, DeWitt's wave function of the universe, and a brief introduction to the end-of-the-millennium prospects of quantum computation. A concluding chapter presents the authors' conjectures for the next 100 years of the quantum. This book is ideally suited to anyone with a junior level background in modern physics and quantum mechanics, and a cultural interest in the original sources of the greatest ideas of the greatest founders of this subject as derived from their first discovery papers. These papers have led, in giant strides across the whole of the twentieth century, to the revolutionary experimental advances of the last decade. The book makes accessible - physically and intellectually - both the deepest roots and the highest branches of nonrelativistic quantum physics
The scientific career of John Stewart Bell was distinguished by its breadth and its quality. He made several very important contributions to scientific fields as diverse as accelerator physics, high energy physics and the foundations of quantum mechanics. This book contains a large part of J S Bell's publications, including those that are recognized as his most important achievements, as well as others that are for no good reason less well known. The selection was made by Mary Bell, Martinus Veltman and Kurt Gottfried, all of whom were involved with John Bell both personally and professionally throughout a large part of his life. An introductory chapter has been written to help place the selected papers in a historical context and to review their significance. This book comprises an impressive collection of outstanding scientific work of one of the greatest scientists of the recent past, and it will remain important and influential for a long time to come.