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Science

SITE VISIT: Quantum Computing on Cue

Published Jun 11, 1999• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

If quantum computers are ever built, they might need only minutes to perform tasks that would take today's fastest supercomputer millions of years. Quantum bits, or qubits, which store and process information, can assume the values of 1 and 0 simultaneously. That means 100 qubits can calculate in just one step a computation that ordinary bits would need to repeat 2100 times. Confused or intrigued? Check out the University of Oxford's Centre for Quantum Computation Web site (http://www.qubit.org/). Besides serving experts, “we try to maintain information which will interest people who simply wonder what quantum computing is all about,” says one of the Web masters, Benjamin Simon.

DOI
10.1126/science.284.5421.1731c

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If quantum computers are ever built, they might need only minutes to perform tasks that would take today's fastest supercomputer millions of years. Quantum bits, or qubits, which store and process information, can assume the values of 1 and 0 simultaneously. That means 100 qubits can calculate in just one step a computation that ordinary bits would need to repeat 2100 times. Confused or intrigued? Check out the University of Oxford's Centre for Quantum Computation Web site (http://www.qubit.org/). Besides serving experts, “we try to maintain information which will interest people who simply wonder what quantum computing is all about,” says one of the Web masters, Benjamin Simon.
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Introduction In an ordinary computer, information is stored in a collection of tiny circuits each of which is designed to have two stable and easily distinguishable configurations: each represents a bit . In our study of quantum cryptography, we have seen how it can be useful to express information not in ordinary bits but in qubits . Whereas a bit can have only two values, say 0 and 1, a qubit can be in any quantum superposition of ∣0〉 and ∣1〉. Moreover, a qubit can be entangled with other qubits. Thus one might wonder whether a quantum computer, in which the basic elements for storing and processing information are qubits, can outperform an ordinary (classical) computer in certain ways. This question was addressed by researchers starting in the 1980s. In terms of practical consequences, perhaps the most dramatic answer has been given by Peter Shor in his 1994 factoring algorithm for a quantum computer, an algorithm that is exponentially faster than any known classical algorithm. As we have seen in Chapter 1, the difficulty of factoring a product of two large primes is the basis of the security of the RSA cryptosystem. So if one could build a large enough quantum computer – and there is no reason in principle why this could not be done – the RSA system would be rendered ineffective. In this chapter we present the basics of quantum computation and then focus on Shor's factoring algorithm.
To build a quantum computer, one needs quantum bits (qubits) that can be fabricated in large numbers and that can be coupled to each other to create entangled quantum states. Superconducting qubits are attractive candidates. In his Perspective, [Mooij][1] highlights the demonstration of two coupled superconducting qubits by [ McDermott et al .][2] The state of both qubits could be determined after performing quantum operations by means of microwave pulses. Quantum oscillations between the excited states of one or the other qubit were observed with this simultaneous state measurement. The approach can, in principle, be used to build a large quantum computer. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/307/5713/1210 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/307/5713/1299
Quantum computing is emerging as a revolutionary paradigm in the field of computing, promising an exponential leap in computing power and problemsolving that challenges even the most advanced supercomputers of the classical era.At the heart of this revolution lies the peculiarity of the quantum world, where subatomic particles can exist in multiple states simultaneously, a phenomenon known as superposition, and entangle their states in a way that defies classical logic.It is this capacity for superposition and entanglement that gives quantum computing its disruptive power.One of the most intriguing properties of quantum computing is its ability to process information using Qubits, the quantum analogues of classical bits.While a classical bit can only be in a single 0 or 1 state, a Qubit can simultaneously represent a 0, a 1, or any superposition of these states, allowing multiple calculations to be performed in parallel.This massively parallel processing capability is the basis for the potential superiority of quantum computers over their classical counterparts in a wide range of applications.The architecture of quantum computers is inherently different from classical computers.While the latter use transistors to store and manipulate information in bits, quantum computers use Qubits, which can be implemented in a variety of physical systems, such as atoms, ion traps, photons, superconductors or nuclear magnetic resonance.The manipulation of the Qubits is carried out through quantum gates, fundamental operations that transform the quantum state of the Qubits and allow quantum calculations to be carried out.Furthermore, to maintain quantum coherence, the control and isolation of the quantum system from its environment is crucial, posing significant challenges in terms of designing and building scalable and robust quantum systems.
Quantum computing is a locale of figuring focused on making PC development reliant on the norms of quantum speculation, which explains the direct of imperativeness and material on the atomic and subatomic levels.Conventional PCs that we use today can simply encode information in bits that take the estimation of 1 or 0. This confines their ability.Quantum enlisting, on the other hand, uses quantum bits or qubits.It handles the unique limit of subatomic participles that licenses them to exist in more than one state for instance a 1 and a 0 at the same time.Superposition and trap are two features of quantum material science on which these supercomputers are based.This empowers quantum PCs to manage exercises at speeds exponentially higher than common PCs and at significantly lesser imperativeness usage.