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Birkhäuser Boston eBooks

The Post-War Heresies

David Wick

Published Jan 1, 1995• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In 1945, Schrödinger was 58, Bohr was 60, and Einstein was past retirement age. Heisenberg, Pauli, Jordan, and Dirac were in their 40s. With the end of the war, another crop of bright young physicists would soon be emerging from the universities. Would they accept the revolutionaries’ radical positivism — or follow Einstein and seek to restore realism in physics? These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

DOI
10.1007/978-1-4612-5361-7_10

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Birkhäuser Boston eBooks•Jan 1, 1995•1 citation
In 1945, Schrödinger was 58, Bohr was 60, and Einstein was past retirement age. Heisenberg, Pauli, Jordan, and Dirac were in their 40s. With the end of the war, another crop of bright young physicists would soon be emerging from the universities. Would they accept the revolutionaries’ radical positivism — or follow Einstein and seek to restore realism in physics? These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Scientists sometimes pretend that what they do is as natural as breathing, and hence they have no philosophies. But Heisenberg, Bohr, Schrodinger, and Einstein all paid attention to theirs, and indeed no scientific discipline in this century has attracted more philosophical comment than quantum physics. 172 Should one not therefore make a compendium of these views, the better to shift truth from error? These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
The Bohr-Einstein debate, the most interesting intellectual contest in science of this century, began in the late afternoon of October 24,1927, at the Fifth Solvay Conference in Brussels, Belgium. 50 (Einstein had not attended the meeting in Como a month before, at which Bohr first introduced complementarity.) The theorists Bohr, Born, de Broglie, Brillouin, Dirac, Einstein, Ehrenfest, Heisenberg, Pauli, Planck, and Schrödinger were in attendance, as well as the experimentalists Bragg, Compton, Madame Curie, and Debye. The eminent Dutch theorist H.A. Lorentz, the grandfather of relativity (after whom the theory’s space-time transformations were named), chaired the sessions. The organizers had chosen “Electrons and Photons” as the official title of the conference, but a better one might have been: “Quantum Mechanics: What Does it Mean?” As Einstein’s opinion had become widely known, fireworks were expected. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Earlier in this century, the physics community was wracked with a great debate between the determinists and the indeterminists over the status of quantum theory. Determinists like Einstein and Bohm argued that quantum theory would eventually be superseded by a deterministic theory having new state variables. Indeterminists like Heisenberg and Schrodinger, speaking for the Copenhagen School, disagreed. They maintained that the indeterminism in quantum theory was not merely a temporary setback, an epistemological problem to be overcome by means of a better scientific theory, but an accurate ontological representation of the matter.
Ever since Newton, two forms of influence or causation have vied for supremacy in physicist’s theories. Descartes and his followers thought local or contiguous action — material particles colliding and rebounding, for example — the essence of mechanical explanation; Newton evoked their wrath by advancing a form of action at a distance. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Maxwell and Einstein restored the local picture in their continuum theories of electromagnetism and gravity, and the cycle seemed to have come to an end — until Bell proved his theorem in 1964. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.