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Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements

Development of optical frequency standards based upon the /sup 2/S/sub 1/2/-/sup 2/D/sub 5/2/ transition in /sup 88/Sr/sup +/ and /sup 87/Sr/sup +/

G. P. Barwood, K. Gao, P. Gill, G. Huang, H. Arthur Klein

Published Nov 7, 2002• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Optical frequency standards, based on the 674 nm transition in /sup 88/Sr/sup +/ and /sup 87/Sr/sup +/ are being developed. Zeeman components in two /sup 88/Sr/sup +/ traps were compared, with stabilities of 100 Hz measured at a few tens of seconds. /sup 87/Sr/sup +/ offers "clock" transitions with no first-order Zeeman shifts and laser cooled /sup 87/Sr/sup +/ ions have been observed.

DOI
10.1109/cpem.2000.851116

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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics•Aug 29, 2005•2 citations
Optical frequency standards, based on the 674 nm transition in /sup 88/Sr/sup +/ and /sup 87/Sr/sup +/ are being developed. Zeeman components in two /sup 88/Sr/sup +/ traps were compared, with stabilities of 100 Hz measured at a few tens of seconds. /sup 87/Sr/sup +/ offers "clock" transitions with no first-order Zeeman shifts and laser cooled /sup 87/Sr/sup +/ ions have been observed.
Recent work is presented on the development of an optical frequency standard, based on the /sup 2/S/sub 1/2/-/sup 2/D/sub 5/2/ transition at 674 nm in /sup 88/Sr/sup +/. Work on characterising the probe laser is also presented and the observed linewidth of one of the /spl Delta/m=0 Zeeman components of the 674 nm transition is 290 Hz. Two traps have been operated simultaneously and a null offset between them confirmed at the 3 parts in 10/sup 13/ level. The feasibility of cooling and probing /sup 87/Sr/sup +/ is also discussed.
We report on work directed toward the systematic evaluation of an optical frequency standard based on the /sup 2/S/sub 1/2/-/sup 2/D/sub 5/2/ transition of a single, laser-cooled, trapped /sup 199/Hg/sup +/ ion, whose resonance frequency is 1.06/spl times/10/sup 15/ Hz. For the purpose of the evaluation, a second /sup 199/Hg/sup +/ standard has been constructed. In the cooling-laser system built for the second standard, an injection-locking scheme has been applied to a CW Ti-sapphire laser. We also report optical frequency measurements of the clock transition performed over the past 21 months with the first standard. During this term, the variation of the clock transition frequency is found to be less than /spl plusmn/1/spl times/10/sup -14/.
As a key component of a strontium based optical clock, we have developed an apparatus which allows laser cooling and trapping of more than 10/sup 7/ /sup 88/Sr atoms to temperatures below 1 /spl mu/K. Using this system, we have performed the first high accuracy measurement of the /sup 88/Sr /sup 1/S/sub 0/-/sup 3/P/sub 1/ clock transition using an ultra-cold sample. Detailed descriptions of both the measurement technique and corresponding systematic uncertainties is provided. In addition, by varying the density of the ultra-cold /sup 88/Sr sample over a range of three orders of magnitude we obtain the first definitive measurement of a density-related frequency shift and linewidth broadening of an optical clock transition in an ultra-cold alkaline earth system. Spectroscopy of the /sub 1/S/sub 0/-/sup 3/P/sub 0/ transition is currently underway using this narrow probe laser and an octave spanning femtosecond laser. Our most recent results are presented. The proposed measurement technique, accuracy, and stability of an optical clock based on the EIT (electromagnetically-induced-transparency) measurement in /sup 88/Sr are described.
We describe experimental investigations of an optical frequency standard based on a single laser-cooled /sup 171/Yb/sup +/ ion confined in a radiofrequency Paul trap. The electric quadrupole transition from the /sup 2/S/sub 1/2 /(F=0) ground state to the /sup 2/D/sub 3/2/(F=2) state at 435.5 nm is used as the reference transition. The transition was resolved with a Fourier-limited width of approximately 30 Hz. In order to investigate the instability and accuracy of a future frequency standard based on the reference transition, a first experiment was done comparing two laser frequencies stabilized individually to two separate ions in different traps. As a result we found a relative frequency instability /spl sigma//sub y/(640 s)=1.5/spl middot/10/sup -15/ for the difference of the two laser frequencies. We also derived a first estimate /spl Theta/(/sup 2/D/sub 3/2/)=(3.9/spl plusmn/1.9)ea/sub 0//sup 2/ for the electric quadrupole moment of the /sup 2/D/sub 3/2/ state.
A single laser cooled ion in a radiofrequency trap can serve as the basis for a highly stable optical frequency standard. We present recent results of our work on single indium ions, using the /sup 1/S/sub 0/ to /sup 3/P/sub 0/ transition at 236.5 nm wave-length as the clock transition. This resonance has a linewidth of only 0.82 Hz where systematic shifts should be controllable on the mHz level. A single In/sup +/ ion is stored in a miniature Paul-Straubel trap and laser cooled to a temperature of about 100 /spl mu/K. The clock transition is excited using a frequency quadrupled Nd:YAG laser. A fractional resolution of 1.3/spl middot/10/sup -13/ has been achieved so far (linewidth of 170 Hz at 1267 THz). The absolute frequency of the clock transition clock transition has been measured with an uncertainty of 2/spl middot/10/sup -13/ using a frequency chain and a methane-stabilized HeNe laser as a reference, that was calibrated with a cesium clock.
Summary form only given. Laser-cooled ions in radiofrequency traps are the atomic systems that allow the highest resolution (ratio of frequency to linewidth) in optical or microwave spectroscopy. They can serve as references in highly stable frequency standards and also enable precise tests of fundamental physics. We present recent results on our In/sup +/ optical frequency standard, based on the 5s/sup 2/ /sup 1/S/sub 0//spl rarr/5s5p /sup 3/P/sub 0/ transition at 236.5 nm wavelength. This transition has a natural linewidth of only 0.82 Hz and is highly immune to systematic frequency shifts.