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The Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal (ACES)

Quantum Monopulse Radar

David Luong, Sreeraman Rajan, Bhashyam Balaji

Published Feb 5, 2021• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We evaluate the feasibility of a quantum monopulse radar, focusing on quantum illumination (QI) radars and quantum two-mode squeezing (QTMS) radars. Based on their similarity with noise radar, for which monopulse operation is known to be possible, we find that QTMS radars can be adapted into monopulse radars, but QI radars cannot. We conclude that quantum monopulse radars are feasible.

DOI
10.47037/2020.aces.j.351184

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We evaluate the feasibility of a quantum monopulse radar, focusing on quantum illumination (QI) radars and quantum two-mode squeezing (QTMS) radars. Based on their similarity with noise radar, for which monopulse operation is known to be possible, we find that QTMS radars can be adapted into monopulse radars, but QI radars cannot. We conclude that quantum monopulse radars are feasible.
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Recent experimental results have demonstrated gains in sensing capability using novel possibilities offered by quantum mechanics. In particular, a prototype radar which uses quantum techniques to enhance detection ability has been built in a laboratory, showing that quantum radars at RF frequencies are feasible. This prototype is called a quantum two-mode squeezing radar (QTMS radar). In this paper, we use the QTMS radar as a springboard to review the concept of quantum squeezing. We find that Josephson parametric amplifiers (JPAs), one of which was used in the QTMS radar prototype, can be employed to produce two-mode and one-mode squeezed states at RF frequencies. We then briefly discuss some of the possible applications of such states to the field of radar engineering.
Recently, the authors have built and evaluated a prototype quantum radar in the laboratory which operates at microwave frequencies. This radar, which they call a quantum two‐mode squeezing radar (QTMS radar), generates a pair of entangled microwave signals and transmits one of them through free space, using the other signal as a reference to perform matched filtering. The specific type of entanglement is called a two‐mode squeezed vacuum, a type of continuous‐variable entanglement between two frequencies. Motivated by the success of these experiments, they try to better understand the entangled QTMS radar signals in this study. They do so by comparing it to a simpler, more conventional radar system, which they call a two‐mode noise radar (TMN radar). They also show how both types of radars are related to standard noise radars as described in the literature. They find that the signals for QTMS radar signals and TMN radar signals have the same mathematical form and that they are related to noise radar by a simple mathematical transformation. This shows that QTMS radar signals can be emulated by a fictional, idealised TMN radar and that it is possible to apply results from the noise radar literature to QTMS radar.
Quantum radar is a fledgling new technology that promises gains in detection performance. However, there are challenges standing in the way of their implementation. In this article, three classes of quantum radars are discussed: quantum interferometric radar, quantum illumination radar, and quantum two-mode squeezing (QTMS) radar. Of these, the last-named is the closest to being implemented in real life, though it is by no means the last word on the subject. In conclusion, we find that quantum radars are at least worth studying further.
Many quantum radars currently studied in the literature use a phenomenon called entanglement to address the problem of distinguishing signal from noise, which is one of the most important problems faced by any radar. Until recently, entanglement-based quantum radars at radio frequencies existed only in theory; their practicality was very much in doubt. The situation has changed with a recent experimental implementation of all the necessary components of a quantum two-mode squeezing (QTMS) radar, which operates at microwave frequencies and can be described as a quantum range finder. In this article, we lay out the exact problem solved by this prototype, namely quantum noise, and explain how entanglement can overcome the existence of this noise. By analyzing the QTMS radar prototype, we point out a technological route to an entanglement-based quantum radar that can, in principle, perform all tasks that radars can and must do, such as array processing, clutter suppression, and image processing (including synthetic aperture radar and inverse synthetic aperture radar).