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Oxford University Press eBooks

Laser Beams

Helmut Satz

Published Feb 14, 2020• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In atoms, the electron orbits around the nucleus are quantized, occur for discrete energies. Transitions between energy levels require absorption or emission of photons. In the case of an unusual occupation of excited levels, individual photons can trigger a coherent transition of all such levels to the ground state, thus leading to a beam of coherent photons, a laser beam.

DOI
10.1093/oso/9780198853398.003.0011

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Introduction

Andreas F. Molisch, Bernhard P Oehry

Abstract Since the beginning of this century we have a rough understanding about the structure of atoms. They consist of a nucleus and electrons orbiting around this nucleus. We know that electrons occupy only certain discrete energy states. When they decay from a high-energy state to a low-energy state, they emit electromagnetic radiation. Usually, the low-energy state will be the ground state. In that case, the emitted radiation is called resonance radiation.1 Since the resonance photons have an energy that corresponds to the energy of the transition, they can easily be absorbed by other ground-state atoms. A ground-state atom that absorbs the resonance photon is excited to the upper state for some time and will eventually release the photon again. This absorption/reemission process can be repeated many times, until the photon finally escapes from the vapour. This process is called ‘radiation trapping’ (also known as ‘imprisonment of resonance radiation’, ‘radiative transfer of spectral lines’, ‘line transfer’, or ‘radiation diffusion’).

•Nov 26, 1998•1 citation
In atoms, the electron orbits around the nucleus are quantized, occur for discrete energies. Transitions between energy levels require absorption or emission of photons. In the case of an unusual occupation of excited levels, individual photons can trigger a coherent transition of all such levels to the ground state, thus leading to a beam of coherent photons, a laser beam.
Light emission occurs as a result of interaction between light and matter. Let us assume a two-level atom with levels 1 (ground state) and 2 (excited state). The energies of the ground and excited states are E 1 and E 2 , respectively, and the energy difference is therefore given by the difference ΔE 12 =E 2 −E 1 . When light with photons of energy equal to this difference is absorbed by the atomic or molecular system, an electron will be excited from level 1 to level 2. The energy of the photons is given by ΔE 12 =E 12 =hν 12 (h is Planck's constant and 1→2 is the frequency of light resulting from the level 1→2 transition). This energy is absorbed by an atom or a molecule that has energy levels, separated by ΔE, where these energy levels are the ground and the excited states. This kind of “quantum jump” of an electron between two states occurs in atomic systems between electronic levels; it can be extended to molecular systems, where vibrational and translational energy levels participate in the quantum jump. The interaction between light and matter involves the transition of electrons between different states. This interaction results in the absorption of photons (stimulated absorption) as well as spontaneous and stimulated emission. These processes can be described using Einstein's A and B coefficients, as will be described in the next paragraphs.
This chapter discusses the details of what stimulated emission of radiation is, why it is the major physical phenomenon at the heart of the laser, and how it is exploited in ways to create laser light beams. It describes the Bohr model of the atom and how electrons can only make quantized leaps in energy levels from one atomic orbital or shell to the next. The chapter considers Pauli’s Exclusion Principle and singlet, doublet, and triplet states of the atom. It also describes the interaction of light with atoms through absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission. The chapter shows that the quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator and the ground state of the universe is a nonzero electromagnetic field and therefore is the trigger for spontaneous emission. It looks at the models for absorption, spontaneous and stimulated emission, and vibrational states.
Abstract Since the beginning of this century we have a rough understanding about the structure of atoms. They consist of a nucleus and electrons orbiting around this nucleus. We know that electrons occupy only certain discrete energy states. When they decay from a high-energy state to a low-energy state, they emit electromagnetic radiation. Usually, the low-energy state will be the ground state. In that case, the emitted radiation is called resonance radiation.1 Since the resonance photons have an energy that corresponds to the energy of the transition, they can easily be absorbed by other ground-state atoms. A ground-state atom that absorbs the resonance photon is excited to the upper state for some time and will eventually release the photon again. This absorption/reemission process can be repeated many times, until the photon finally escapes from the vapour. This process is called ‘radiation trapping’ (also known as ‘imprisonment of resonance radiation’, ‘radiative transfer of spectral lines’, ‘line transfer’, or ‘radiation diffusion’).