An expression is derived for the noise figure for a quantum-mechanical amplifier in terms of the physical quantities describing the electromagnetic structure and the paramagnetic salts---such as gain, circuit $Q'\mathrm{s}$ , and salt molecular weight and volume.An expression is derived for the noise figure for a quantum-mechanical amplifier in terms of the physical quantities describing the electromagnetic structure and the paramagnetic salts---such as gain, circuit $Q'\mathrm{s}$, and salt molecular weight and volume.

Physical ReviewSep 15, 195710 citations

Operation of a Solid-State Quantum-Mechanical Amplifier

M. W. P. Strandberg, C. F. Davis, Brian W. Faughnan +2 more

The operation of an $S$ -band solid-state quantum-mechanical amplifier operated at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with a computed noise temperature of less than 4.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is compared with similar devices and is used as proof of the condition of discrete phonon saturation which has been previously postulated.The operation of an $S$-band solid-state quantum-mechanical amplifier operated at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with a computed noise temperature of less than 4.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is compared with similar devices and is used as proof of the condition of discrete phonon saturation which has been previously postulated.

Physical ReviewMar 15, 195820 citations

Noise of a Nonlinear Quantum Amplifier

Dmitri A. Kouznetsov, Daniel Rohrlich

Springer eBooksJan 1, 19961 citation

Quantum Noise in Optical Amplifiers

Kyo Inoue

Noise is one of the basic characteristics of optical amplifiers. Whereas there are various noise sources, the intrinsic one is quantum noise that originates from Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. This chapter describes quantum noise in optical amplifiers, including population-inversion–based amplifiers such as an Erbium-doped fiber amplifier and a semiconductor optical amplifier, and optical parametric amplifiers. A full quantum mechanical treatment is developed based on Heisenberg equation of motion for quantum mechanical operators. The results provide the quantum mechanical basis for a classical picture of amplifier noise widely used in the optical communication field.Noise is one of the basic characteristics of optical amplifiers. Whereas there are various noise sources, the intrinsic one is quantum noise that originates from Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. This chapter describes quantum noise in optical amplifiers, including population-inversion–based amplifiers such as an Erbium-doped fiber amplifier and a semiconductor optical amplifier, and optical parametric amplifiers. A full quantum mechanical treatment is developed based on Heisenberg equation of motion for quantum mechanical operators. The results provide the quantum mechanical basis for a classical picture of amplifier noise widely used in the optical communication field.

InTech eBooksJul 25, 20186 citations

Q'\mathrm{s}

, and salt molecular weight and volume.

The operation of an

S

-band solid-state quantum-mechanical amplifier operated at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with a computed noise temperature of less than 4.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is compared with similar devices and is used as proof of the condition of discrete phonon saturation which has been previously postulated.