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Studies in big data

Quantum Cryptography, Quantum Communication, and Quantum Computing in a Noisy Environment

Koji Nagata, Tadao Nakamura, Ahmed Farouk

Published Oct 13, 2017• 2 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/978-3-319-63639-9_8

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Summary form only given. Quantum mechanics offers the information scientist a new rich resource, which is only recently being tapped to allow for secure communication in the form of quantum cryptography, and for tremendous parallelism in quantum information processing and computing. I will describe developments and prospects for each. Quantum cryptography has already advanced beyond the research laboratory to become a realizable technology with proven secret key distribution for encryption. Quantum computing, although at an earlier stage of development has been recognized as a major new development in physics, enables us (if a quantum computer is realizable) to attack problems previously thought to be too complex for normal computation in a reasonable time. Examples of quantum algorithms involving this kind of advantage are Shor's for fast factorization (in itself a threat to secure communication) and Grover's for database searching. I will discuss the ways quantum mechanics allow such a speed-up, stressing how quantum entanglement is the key resource being exploited, and how quantum gates, networks, and the processors may be implemented in a realistically noisy environment. Simple demonstrators have already been built, and I will discuss prospects for future realization of large-scale processors.
This chapter discusses quantum mechanics and certain quantum computing elements are initially. Errors are introduced in quantum computation because a quantum system cannot be completely isolated from its environment. The chapter explores certain quantum algorithms. It aims to develop a formal model of quantum computation via quantum Turing machine. The chapter outlines preliminaries for stating the laws of quantum mechanics. It aanlyses the strengths and drawbacks of the quantum computing paradigm. Quantum communication channels, encoders, and decoders are some of the examples of superoperators. One of the important concepts in quantum computation and communication is that of quantum entanglement. Analogously quantum information theory addresses the problem of optimal communication over a quantum channel. Information theory is the study of communication systems from a probabilistic point of view. Analogous to classical communication theory, quantum communication theory studies the limits of efficient data storage and transmission of quantum information. Quantum cryptography uses the principles of quantum mechanics.
Quantum cryptography is a promising way to secure communication in the era of quantum information technologies (Nx-ICT). However, ensuring the confidentiality and authenticity of quantum communication is challenging in the presence of noisy quantum channels and a lack of trust between communicating parties. Unconditional mistrustful quantum cryptography protocols address these challenges by providing security guarantees even when parties do not trust each other. This paper explores the fundamental concepts and methodologies behind unconditional mistrustful quantum cryptography protocols in Nx-ICT scenarios. We examine the theoretical underpinnings of these protocols, which are based on cryptographic techniques from quantum mechanics, such as quantum key distribution (QKD) and entanglement-based protocols. We also review the latest experimental developments and achievements in the implementation of unconditional mistrustful quantum cryptography protocols. We discuss the progress that has been made in mitigating noise-induced vulnerabilities, as noisy quantum channels are common in practical quantum communication systems. Finally, we discuss the future prospects and open research questions in this field. We emphasize the importance of continuous research to improve the efficiency, scalability, and security of unconditional mistrustful quantum cryptography protocols in the face of evolving Nx-ICT applications and advancements.