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Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A

A Quantum Circuit Design for Grover’s Algorithm

Zijian Diao, Muhammad Suhail Zubairy, Goong Chen

Published Aug 1, 2002• 24 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a circuit design realizing Grover’s algorithm based on 1-bit unitary gates and 2-bit quantum phase gates implementable with cavity QED techniques. In the first step, we express the circuit block which performs a key unitary transformation that flips only the sign of the state |11 · · · 11〉 using 1-bit and 2-bit gates. The Grover’s iteration operator can then be constructed using this key unitary transformation twice, plus other operations involving only 1-bit unitary gates on each qubit. Mathematical proofs are given to justify that the cricuiting satisfies the desired operator properties.

DOI
10.1515/zna-2002-0810

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We present a circuit design realizing Grover’s algorithm based on 1-bit unitary gates and 2-bit quantum phase gates implementable with cavity QED techniques. In the first step, we express the circuit block which performs a key unitary transformation that flips only the sign of the state |11 · · · 11〉 using 1-bit and 2-bit gates. The Grover’s iteration operator can then be constructed using this key unitary transformation twice, plus other operations involving only 1-bit unitary gates on each qubit. Mathematical proofs are given to justify that the cricuiting satisfies the desired operator properties.
Grover search algorithm is the most representative quantum attack method that threatens the security of symmetric key cryptography. If the Grover search algorithm is applied to symmetric key cryptography, the security level of target symmetric key cryptography can be lowered from n-bit to n2-bit. When applying Grover’s search algorithm to the block cipher that is the target of potential quantum attacks, the target block cipher must be implemented as quantum circuits. Starting with the AES block cipher, a number of works have been conducted to optimize and implement target block ciphers into quantum circuits. Recently, many studies have been published to implement lightweight block ciphers as quantum circuits. In this paper, we present optimal quantum circuit designs of symmetric key cryptography, including PRESENT and GIFT block ciphers. The proposed method optimized PRESENT and GIFT block ciphers by minimizing qubits, quantum gates, and circuit depth. We compare proposed PRESENT and GIFT quantum circuits with other results of lightweight block cipher implementations in quantum circuits. Finally, quantum resources of PRESENT and GIFT block ciphers required for the oracle of the Grover search algorithm were estimated.
Abstract We study the quantum circuit design using 1-bit and 2-bit unitary gates for the iterations of the multi-object quantum search algorithm. The oracle block is designed in order to efficiently implement any sign-flipping operations. A chief ingredient in the design is the permutation operator which maps a set of search targets to another set on which the sign-flipping operation can be easily done. Such a proposed algorithmic approach implicates a minimal symmetric group generation problem: how to generate elements of a symmetric group using the smallest number of concatenations with a set of given generators. For the general case, this is an open problem. We indicate how the complexity issues depend on the solution of this problem through simple examples.
Abstract Quantum computing poses a significant threat to modern cryptosystems, prompting nations to initiate the development of next-generation cryptographic algorithms where quantum security assessment constitutes a critical task. In this work, we present the first complete quantum attack circuit construction and security evaluation of quantum resistance for the authenticated encryption algorithm MK-3, which features 16-bit S-boxes. Firstly, we achieve breakthroughs in finite field arithmetic. The arrangement method of Toffoli gates in the subfield F24F_{2^4}F24​ F 2 4 enables two types of optimized F28F_{2^8}F28​ F 2 8 multiplication circuits to reduce DW-cost by at least 50%. For F28F_{2^8}F28​ F 2 8 inversion, by proposing a new intermediate state uncomputing technique, the DW-cost of the inversion circuit is reduced by at least 40% compared with existing solutions. This can also be used to optimize the quantum circuits of block ciphers such as AES and SM4. Secondly, we propose three types of quantum circuits for MK-3’s 16-bit S-box. The basic circuit reduces multiplicative bit operations to 115, representing at least 20% reduction. We propose a more compact S-box structure, reducing the number of circuit qubits for two types of S-boxes from 52 to 40. Finally, we implement full-algorithm quantum attacks and conduct security evaluations for MK-3. Complete quantum circuits supporting 128-bit and 256-bit keys are constructed, enabling Grover key search attacks. Security assessments confirm the 128-bit version meets NIST Security Category 1 (with reasonable inference of achieving Category 2), while the 256-bit version satisfies the highest Category 5 standards, demonstrating resistance against large-scale quantum computing attacks. This work achieves the first quantum circuit implementation for 16-bit S-boxes and provides critical evaluation benchmarks for post-quantum cryptography standardization.
To build a general-purpose quantum computer, it is crucial for the quantum devices to implement classical boolean logic. A straightforward realization of quantum boolean logic is to use auxiliary qubits as intermediate storage. This inefficient implementation causes a large number of auxiliary qubits to be used. In this paper, we have derived a systematic way of realizing any general m-to-n bit combinational boolean logic using elementary quantum gates. Our approach transforms the m-to-n bit classical mapping into a t-bit unitary quantum operation with minimum number of auxiliary qubits, then a variation of Toffoli gate is used as the basic building block to construct the unitary operation. Finally, each of these building blocks can be decomposed into one-bit rotation and two-bit control-U gates. The efficiency of the network is taken into consideration by formulating it as a constrained set partitioning problem.