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Photon Phase Operator

Z. Ficek, Mohamed Ridza Wahiddin

Published Apr 19, 2016• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have already shown that the coherent states are very close to the classical state of the well-defined amplitude and phase. A question not answered yet is: Does there exist an analogous quantum mechanical observable for the phase that is given by some Hermitian operator? We know from classical optics that phase of an EM field is an observable quantity. Hence, in quantum physics it should be associated with a Hermitian operator. In order to set up a quantitative description of the phase operator, we will introduce some of the ideas presented in the literature which led to the formulation of the Hermitian phase operator.

DOI
10.1201/b16875-10

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We have already shown that the coherent states are very close to the classical state of the well-defined amplitude and phase. A question not answered yet is: Does there exist an analogous quantum mechanical observable for the phase that is given by some Hermitian operator? We know from classical optics that phase of an EM field is an observable quantity. Hence, in quantum physics it should be associated with a Hermitian operator. In order to set up a quantitative description of the phase operator, we will introduce some of the ideas presented in the literature which led to the formulation of the Hermitian phase operator.
For a quantized mode of the radiation field, the operator whose classical analog is the ordinary phase factor of the mode amplitudes has been shown to be nonunitary. A mathematically rigorous formulation of the phase P is given on the basis of the canonical factorization theorem. All other phase quantities are defined in terms of P and P†. Many of the seemingly complex features of phase operators are found to be simple direct consequences of the general mathematical theory. It is easily seen that P is a partial isometry but not a unitary operator. In contrast to the amplitude operator, it is found that P is not a spectral operator and the set of phase eigenstates is not complete. Mathematically precise operator relations, including the rigorous statement of commutation rules, are developed. For each of the phase operators, a complete spectral analysis is given, with the nature of the spectrum, spectral decomposition (if any), and eigenstates shown explicitly. The values of the various phase operators are compared between phase states and coherent states.
The phase associated with a single mode of the electromagnetic field is complementary to the photon number. This simple idea leads us to construct a probability density for the phase. The phase operator cannot be represented exactly in the usual-infinite Hilbert space but can be constructed in a subspace of it and provides a valid representation of phase if used together with a suitable limiting procedure. We introduce the Hermitian optical phase operator and describe some of its most important properties. We also provide brief discussions of some alternative approaches to the phase problem and to the question of phase measurements. The paper concludes with an extensive bibliography.
Pegg and Barnett [Phys. Rev. A 39, 1665 (1989)] have proposed a formalism for a Hermitian optical phase operator, constructed from the so-called phase states. In this paper we give an alternative derivation. We begin by defining a unitary phase operator ${e}^{i\stackrel{^}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}$ from the relationship $\stackrel{^}{a}={e}^{i\stackrel{^}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}R(\stackrel{^}{N})$ ($\stackrel{^}{a}$ is an annihilation operator for a single-mode boson field), but borrow the idea of a finite- (but arbitrarily large) dimensional space from Pegg and Barnett. Finally, we comment on an experiment to determine quantum phase uncertainty. Our analysis uses the operator ${e}^{i\stackrel{^}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}$, which we feel is a more natural choice than $\stackrel{^}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}$. The use of ${e}^{i\stackrel{^}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}$ also avoids the multivalued problems associated with $\stackrel{^}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}$.
The correct description of the phase variable in quantum mechanics is a question rooted in its earliest formulations. The atom mechanics [1] of Bohr and Sommerfeld—the precursor of modern quantum mechanics—ascribes a central role to action-angle variables. However, Heisenberg's matrix mechanics and Schrödinger's wave mechanics are formulated [2] in terms of the canonical variables representing cartesian coordinates and momenta. Stimulated by this work London [3] attempted a reformulation of these theories in the previously favored action-angle variables. However, this attempt failed due to the difficulty in ascribing quantum operators to the angle variables of classical theory. Despite these difficulties London found [4] an operator representation of the complex exponential of these angle variables. The quantum phase of light made its first appearance in Dirac's classic paper [5] on the quantization of the radiation field. In contrast to modern methods, he constructed the annihilation and creation operators for each field mode from the corresponding amplitude and phase operators. Phase and its quantum nature acquired new significance with the development of lasers in the early sixties: theoretical investigations highlighted significant problems with Dirac's original proposal for the phase operator. A particularly elegant illustration of the difficulty was given by Louisell [6] in 1963. The advent of phase sensitive quantum noise as demonstrated experimentally in the production and detection of squeezed light [7] has created a new wave of interest in the nature of quantum optical phase leading to the discovery of the hermitian optical phase operator [8]. There has followed an explosion of theoretical activity in this area stimulating fresh experimental investigations. In preparing this special issue we have attempted to present the current state of this active and rapidly moving field. We have arranged the papers into what we hope is a coherent representation of the field. The first papers give a historical perspective and overview of current thinking. The two recent experimental investigations which follow are intimately connected to the phase space description of quantum mechanics based on quasi-probability distributions. The representa tion of phase via phase space and its connection with phase-dependent measurements and the phase operator are addressed in the next section. Some more formal considerations pertinent to phase are presented in the following section. Gravitational wave detection and optical communication have motivated the study of the limits of phase noise. Some recent investigations on such optimal phase states are presented. The issue concludes with two papers discussing the significance of phase in light-matter interactions. In concluding we express our gratitude to the authors of the papers in this volume for their efforts in preparing their high quality presentations.