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Journal Club for Condensed Matter Physics

Experimental Studies of Many-Body Localization in Quasi-Random Optical Lattices

Published Dec 31, 2015• 0 citations
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Abstract

  1. Observation of many-body localization of interacting fermions in a quasi-random optical lattice. Authors: M. Schreiber, S. S. Hodgman, P. Bordia, Henrik P. Lüschen, M. H. Fischer, R. Vosk, E. Altman, U. Schneider and I. Bloch. Science 349,842(2015) 2. Coupling Identical 1D Many-Body Localized Systems. Authors: P. Bordia, H. P. Luschen, S. S. Hodgman, M. […]
DOI
10.36471/jccm_december_2015_02

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Motivated by experiments in Munich [M. Schreiber et al., Science 349, 842 (2015).], we study the dynamics of interacting fermions initially prepared in charge density wave states in one-dimensional bichromatic optical lattices. The experiment sees a marked lack of thermalization, which has been taken as evidence for an interacting generalization of Anderson localization, dubbed ``many-body localization.'' We model the experiments using an interacting Aubry-Andre model and develop a computationally efficient low-density cluster expansion to calculate the even-odd density imbalance as a function of interaction strength and potential strength. Our calculations agree with the experimental results and shed light on the phenomena. We also explore a two-dimensional generalization. The cluster expansion method we develop should have broad applicability to similar problems in nonequilibrium quantum physics.
Many-body localization (MBL), the disorder-induced localization of interacting particles, signals a breakdown of conventional thermodynamics because MBL systems do not thermalize and show nonergodic time evolution. We experimentally observed this nonergodic evolution for interacting fermions in a one-dimensional quasirandom optical lattice and identified the MBL transition through the relaxation dynamics of an initially prepared charge density wave. For sufficiently weak disorder, the time evolution appears ergodic and thermalizing, erasing all initial ordering, whereas above a critical disorder strength, a substantial portion of the initial ordering persists. The critical disorder value shows a distinctive dependence on the interaction strength, which is in agreement with numerical simulations. Our experiment paves the way to further detailed studies of MBL, such as in noncorrelated disorder or higher dimensions.
Many-body localization for a system of bosons trapped in a one-dimensional lattice is discussed. Two models that may be realized for cold atoms in optical lattices are considered. The model with a random on-site potential is compared with previously introduced random interactions model. While the origin and character of the disorder in both systems is different they show interesting similar properties. In particular, many-body localization appears for a sufficiently large disorder as verified by a time evolution of initial density wave states as well as using statistical properties of energy levels for small system sizes. Starting with different initial states, we observe that the localization properties are energy-dependent which reveals an inverted many-body localization edge in both systems (that finding is also verified by statistical analysis of energy spectrum). Moreover, we consider computationally challenging regime of transition between many body localized and extended phases where we observe a characteristic algebraic decay of density correlations which may be attributed to subdiffusion (and Griffiths-like regions) in the studied systems. Ergodicity breaking in the disordered Bose–Hubbard models is compared with the slowing-down of the time evolution of the clean system at large interactions.
The possibility of observing many-body localization of ultracold atoms in a one-dimensional optical lattice is discussed for random interactions. In the noninteracting limit, such a system reduces to single-particle physics in the absence of disorder, i.e., to extended states. In effect, the observed localization is inherently due to interactions and is thus a genuine many-body effect. In the system studied, many-body localization manifests itself in a lack of thermalization visible in temporal propagation of a specially prepared initial state, in transport properties, in the logarithmic growth of entanglement entropy, and in statistical properties of energy levels.