III: An Indeterministic Theory of Time.- I. Philosophical Interpretations of Quantum Physics.- II. The Problem of Causality in an Indeterministic Science.- III. Relativity and the Atom.- IV. Laws of Nature and Time's Arrow.- V. The Symmetry of Time and the Branch Hypothesis.- IV: Universal Aspects of Time.- I. The Measurement of Time.- II. The Ontological Status of Time.- III. The Reality of Time.- IV. The Causal Nature of Time.- V. The Symmetry of Time.- VI. The Psychology of Time.- Conclusion.- Bibliography of Works Cited In Volumes One and Two.- Bibliography Of Writings Of Henry Mehlberg.- Index Of Names To Volumes One And Two.
III: An Indeterministic Theory of Time.- I. Philosophical Interpretations of Quantum Physics.- II. The Problem of Causality in an Indeterministic Science.- III. Relativity and the Atom.- IV. Laws of Nature and Time's Arrow.- V. The Symmetry of Time and the Branch Hypothesis.- IV: Universal Aspects of Time.- I. The Measurement of Time.- II. The Ontological Status of Time.- III. The Reality of Time.- IV. The Causal Nature of Time.- V. The Symmetry of Time.- VI. The Psychology of Time.- Conclusion.- Bibliography of Works Cited In Volumes One and Two.- Bibliography Of Writings Of Henry Mehlberg.- Index Of Names To Volumes One And Two.
Contemporary physics, with two Einstein's theories (called "relativity" what can be interpreted erroneously) and with Heisenberg's principle of indeterminacy (better: "lack of epistemic determinism") are frequently interpreted as a removal of the causality from physics.We argue that this is wrong.There are no indications in physics, either classical or quantum, that physical laws are indeterministic, on the ontological level.On the other hand, both classical and quantum physics are, practically, indeterministic on the epistemic level: there are no means for us to predict the detailed future of the world.Additionally, essentially all physical principles, including the arrow of time and the conservation of energy could be, hypothetically, violated (with some exceptions in the world of heavier quarks, and probably, the cosmological arrow of time).However, in contrast to Hume's skepticism, we have no experimental evidence that the causality can be removed or even "hung on" in any case.The text contains some didactical-like issues, as well.
This thesis is a study of the notion of time in modern physics, consisting of two parts. Part I takes seriously the doctrine that modern physics should be treated as the primary guide to the nature of time. To this end, it offers an analysis of the various conceptions of time that emerge in the context of various physical theories and, furthermore, an analysis of the relation between these conceptions of time and the more orthodox philosophical views on the nature of time. In Part II I explore the interpretation of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics in light of the suggestion that an overly Newtonian conception of time might be contributing to some of the difficulties that we face in interpreting the quantum mechanical formalism. In particular, I argue in favour of introducing backwards-in-time causal influences as part of an alternative conception of time that is consistent with the picture of reality that arises in the context of the quantum formalism. Moreover, I demonstrate that this conception of time can already be found in a particular formulation of classical mechanics. One might see that one of the central themes of Part II originates from a failure to heed properly the doctrine of Part I: study into the nature of time should be guided by modern physics and thus we should be careful not to insert a preconceived Newtonian conception of time unwittingly into our interpretation of the quantum mechanical formalism. Thus, whereas Part I is intended as a demonstration of methodology with respect to the study of time, Part II in a sense explores a confusion that can be seen as arising in the absence of this methodology.
Volume 1: Introduction P. Humphreys. Part I: Probability. Some Contributions to Formal Theory of Probability K. Popper, D. Miller. Elementary Non-Archimedean Representations of Probability for Decision Theory and Games P.J. Hammond. Random Sequences and Hypotheses Tests R. Chuaqui. Changing Probability Judgements I. Levi. Upper and Lower Probability T.L. Fine. Some Connections between Epistemic Logic and the Theory of Nonadditive Probability P. Mongin. On the Properties of Conditional Independence W. Spohn. Qualitative Probabilities Revisited Z. Domotor. The Monks' Vote: a Dialogue on Unidimensional Probabilistic Geometry J.-C. Falmagne. Part II: Probabilistic Causality. Probabilistic Causation without Probability P.W. Holland. Causal Tendency, Necessitivity and Sufficientivity: an Updated Review I.J. Good. Practical Causal Generalizations E.W. Adams. In Place of Regression C. Glymour, P. Spirtes, R. Scheines. Testing Probabilistic Causality D. Costantini. Psychologistic Aspects of Suppes' Definition of Causality P. Legrenzi, M. Sonino. Name Index. Subject Index. Volume 2: Part III: Philosophy of Physics. Probability and Quantum Theory B. Loewer. Schrodinger's Version of EPR, and its Problems A. Fine. Classical Field Magnitudes J. Vuillemin. Quantity, Representation and Geometry B. Mundy. Numerical Experimentation P. Humphreys. Part IV: Theory Structure. Theories and Theoretical Models R. Wojcicki. Suppes Predicates and the Construction of Unsolvable Problems in the Axiomatized Sciences N.C.A. da Costa, F.A. Doria. Structural Explanation J.D. Sneed. Part V: Measurement Theory. Fifteen Problems concerning the Representational Theory of Measurement R.D. Luce, L. Narens. The Meaningfulness of Ordinal Comparisons for General Order Relational Systems F.S. Roberts, Z.S. Rosenbaum. Theories as Nets: the Case of Combinatorial Measurement Theory C.U. Moulines, J.A. Diez. Name Index. Subject Index. Volume 3: Part VI: Philosophy of Language and Logic. Patrick Suppes' Contribution to the Philosophy of Language D. Follesdal. Open Problems in Relational Grammar M. Bottner. A Variable-Free Logic for Anaphora W.C. Purdy. Is Snow White? J. Moravcsik. Can there be Reasons for Putting Limitations on Classical Logic? P. Weingartner. Quantum Logic as a Logic of Identification J. Hintikka, I. Halonen. Logic and Probability in Quantum Mechanics M.L. dalla Chiara, R. Giuntini. Part VII: Learning Theory, Action Theory, and Robotics. From Stimulus-Sampling to Array-Similarity Theory W.K. Estes. Action as Seeing to it that Something is the Case R. Tuomela, G. Sandu. Command Satisfaction and the Acquisition of Habits C. Crangle. Part VIII: General Philosophy of Science. Some Observations on Patrick Suppes' Philosophy of Science M.C. Galavotti. Epilogue. Postscript P. Suppes. Chronological and Topical Bibliography of Patrick Suppes' Publications. Name Index. Subject Index.
Subtitle: Temporal Field Realism: A Deterministic Foundation for Quantum Phase and Wavefunction Dynamics (Quantum mechanics as temporal resonance, the Born rule as statistical phase averaging, and measurement as phase synchronization.) Theory of Time is a fundamental four-volume corpus that presents time as a physical condensate — the Temporal Condensate. Together, the four volumes establish a self-consistent physical framework, spanning the deterministic ontology of quantum fields, the structure of elementary particles, the cosmological evolution of the Universe, and the dynamical nature of gravitation. Theory of Time I: The Core This volume introduces Temporal Field Realism, establishing time as a fundamental dynamical field rather than a passive coordinate. The quantum wavefunction ψ is derived as a resonant excitation mode of the temporal field τ. The Born rule emerges as a statistical consequence of phase averaging, while quantum measurement is reinterpreted as a process of dynamical phase synchronization between physical systems and the temporal medium. Theory of Time II: The Evidence This volume demonstrates that the spectrum of elementary particles arises from topological vortices of temporal flow. Leptonic and quark masses are derived as harmonic modes of hypertime, reducing the empirical parameters of the Standard Model to geometric constants of the temporal manifold. The work provides a structural interpretation of particle generations, mixing matrices, and mass hierarchies. Theory of Time III: The Scale This volume develops the cosmological implications of temporal field dynamics. The inflationary paradigm is replaced by the dynamics of a non-commutative time operator T̂(x). The horizon and flatness problems are resolved through algebraic connectivity of the five-dimensional temporal manifold. The model predicts observational signatures in primordial gravitational wave spectra and potential anomalies in the Cosmic Microwave Background. Theory of Time IV: The Gravity This volume reformulates gravitation as transport and conductivity within the temporal condensate. Dark matter and dark energy are interpreted as emergent effects of temporal susceptibility χτ and internal temporal pressure. Gravitational waves are described as longitudinal acoustic modes propagating through the temporal medium, providing a unified dynamical description of inertial, gravitational, and cosmological phenomena.
List of participants Preface Part I. Introduction: 1. The function of the colloquium - editorial 2. The conceptual problem of quantum theory from the experimentalist's point of view O. R. Frisch Part II. Niels Bohr and Complementarity: The Place of the Classical Language: 3. The Copenhagen interpretation C. F. von Weizsacker 4. On Bohr's views concerning the quantum theory D. Bohm Part III. The Measurement Problem: 5. Quantal observation in statistical interpretation H. J. Groenewold 6. Macroscopic physics, quantum mechanics and quantum theory of measurement G. M. Prosperi 7. Comment on the Daneri-Loinger-Prosperi quantum theory of measurement Jeffrey Bub 8. The phenomenology of observation and explanation in quantum theory J. H. M. Whiteman 9. Measurement theory and complex systems M. A. Garstens Part IV. New Directions within Quantum Theory: What does the Quantum Theoretical Formalism Really Tell Us?: 10. On the role of hidden variables in the fundamental structure of physics D. Bohm 11. Beyond what? Discussion: space-time order within existing quantum theory C. W. Kilmister 12. Definability and measurability in quantum theory Yakir Aharonov and Aage Petersen 13. The bootstrap idea and the foundations of quantum theory Geoffrey F. Chew Part V. A Fresh Start?: 14. Angular momentum: an approach to combinatorial space-time Roger Penrose 15. A note on discreteness, phase space and cohomology theory B. J. Hiley 16. Cohomology of observations R. H. Atkin 17. The origin of half-integral spin in a discrete physical space Ted Bastin Part VI. Philosophical Papers: 18. The unity of physics C. F. von Weizsacker 19. A philosophical obstacle to the rise of new theories in microphysics Mario Bunge 20. The incompleteness of quantum mechanics or the emperor's missing clothes H. R. Post 21. How does a particle get from A to B? Ted Bastin 22. Informational generalization of entropy in physics Jerome Rothstein 23. Can life explain quantum mechanics? H. H. Pattee 24. Discussion: phenomena and sense data in quantum theory D. S. Linney and C. F. von Weizsacker Index of persons Index of subjects.
I. RELATIVITY. 1. The Space and Time of Relativity. 2. Relativistic Mechanics. II. QUANTUM MECHANICS. 3. Atoms. 4. Quantization of Light. 5. Quantization of Atomic Energy Levels. 6. Matter Waves. 7. The Schrodinger Equation in One Dimension. 8. The Three-Dimensional Schrodinger Equation. 9. Electron Spin. 10. Multielectron Atoms the Pauli Principle and the Periodic Table. 11. Atomic Transitions and Radiation. III. SYSTEMS WITH TWO OR MORE ATOMS. 12. Molecules. 13. Solids - Theory. 14. Solids - Applications. 15. Statistical Mechanics. IV. SUBATOMIC PHYSICS. 16. The Structure of Atomic Nuclei. 17. Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions. 18. Elementary Particles. APPENDIXES. A. Physical Constants. B. Useful Mathematical Relations. C. Alphabetical List of the Elements. D. Atomic and Nuclear Data. Suggestions for Further Reading. Picture Credits and References. Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems. Index.