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International Journal of Theoretical Physics

Semi-Quantum Key Distribution Protocol with Logical Qubits over the Collective-Rotation Noise Channel

Xia Pan

Published Mar 1, 2022• 5 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s10773-022-05076-z

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Qubits traveling through a quantum channel often interact with the environment which causes errors at the receiving end. These errors are often indistinguishable from errors caused by an eavesdropper and therefore must be corrected before a quantum key exchange protocol proceeds forward. Logical qubits are often used in order to make error correction possible. In this paper, we apply logical qubits to detect collective rotational errors and discuss how they can be corrected in the context of three-stage quantum key distribution protocol.
In order to eliminate the influence of the channel noise, two new measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) protocols are proposed with logical quantum states. They can resist collective-dephasing noise and collective-rotation noise, respectively. This paper produces logical quantum states by adding the auxiliary light sources, the CNOT operations and the Hadamard transforms in the system model. The main light sources and auxiliary light sources are flexible and easily implemented, since they can be weak coherent state (WCS) sources, heralded single-photon sources (HSPSs) or heralded pair coherent state (HPCS) sources. To generate one key bit, the new MDI-QKD protocols only need one logical qubit with two particles so that they have high qubit efficiency. Moreover, the new protocols also use partial Bell-state measurement (BSM) which is very easily implemented with existing technologies.
In this paper,two fault tolerant channel-encrypting quantum dialogue(QD)protocols against collective noise are presented.One is against collective-dephasing noise,while the other is against collective-rotation noise.The decoherent-free states,each of which is composed of two physical qubits,act as traveling states combating collective noise.Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pairs,which play the role of private quantum key,are securely shared between two participants over a collective-noise channel in advance.Through encryption and decryption with private quantum key,the initial state of each traveling two-photon logical qubit is privately shared between two participants.Due to quantum encryption sharing of the initial state of each traveling logical qubit,the issue of information leakage is overcome.The private quantum key can be repeatedly used after rotation as long as the rotation angle is properly chosen,making quantum resource economized.As a result,their information-theoretical efficiency is nearly up to 66.7%.The proposed QD protocols only need single-photon measurements rather than two-photon joint measurements for quantum measurements.Security analysis shows that an eavesdropper cannot obtain anything useful about secret messages during the dialogue process without being discovered.Furthermore,the proposed QD protocols can be implemented with current techniques in experiment.