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Science China Physics Mechanics and Astronomy

Decoy-state method for quantum-key-distribution-based quantum private query

Bin Liu, Shuang Xia, Di Xiao, Wei Huang, Bingjie Xu, Yang Li

Published Feb 21, 2022• 87 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s11433-021-1843-7

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Quantum private query (QPQ) faces many challenges in practical applications. At present, some scholars have made substantial work on overcoming channel loss, channel noise, and nonideal light sources, respectively. However, a protocol that would overcome all three of these problems has yet to materialize. We review a practical QPQ protocol that can actually work in noisy channels. This protocol has an upper bound on tolerable errors based on the required level of security and reliability. Then, we study the security of the above QPQ protocol under weak coherent pulses. The results indicate that the multiphoton pulses have induced significant vulnerabilities, which seriously threatens the privacy of users. Finally, we propose a decoy-state method to solve the serious threat to user security caused by multiphoton pulses. The analysis shows that the decoy-state method significantly improves the security of the QPQ protocol under weak coherent pulses. The improved protocol can not only tolerate transmission losses and channel noise, but also overcome the security vulnerability caused by a nonideal light source.
Abstract Twin-field (TF) quantum key distribution (QKD) represents a novel QKD approach whose principal merit is to beat the point-to-point private capacity of a lossy quantum channel, thanks to performing single-photon interference in an untrusted node. Indeed, recent security proofs of various TF-QKD type protocols have confirmed that the secret key rate of these schemes scales essentially as the square root of the transmittance of the channel. Here, we focus on the TF-QKD protocol introduced by Curty et al, whose secret key rate is nearly an order of magnitude higher than previous solutions. Its security relies on the estimation of the detection probabilities associated to various photon-number states through the decoy-state method. We derive analytical bounds on these quantities assuming that each party uses either two, three or four decoy intensity settings, and we investigate the protocol’s performance in this scenario. Our simulations show that two decoy intensity settings are enough to beat the point-to-point private capacity of the channel, and that the use of four decoys is already basically optimal, in the sense that it almost reproduces the ideal scenario of infinite decoys. We also observe that the protocol seems to be quite robust against intensity fluctuations of the optical pulses prepared by the parties.
The decoy-state high-dimensional quantum key distribution provides a practical secure way to share more private information with high photon-information efficiency. In this paper, based on detector-decoy method, we propose a detector-decoy high-dimensional quantum key distribution protocol. Employing threshold detectors and a variable attenuator, we can promise the security under Gsussian collective attacks with much simpler operations in practical implementation. By numerical evaluation, we show that without varying the source intensity, our protocol performs much better than one-decoy-state protocol and as well as the two-decoy-state protocol in the infinite-size regime. In the finite-size regime, our protocol can achieve better results. Specially, when the detector efficiency is lower, the advantage of the detector-decoy method becomes more prominent.