The phenomenal growth of smartphones and wearable devices has begun crowd-sourcing applications for the Internet of Things (IoT). E-healthcare is considered the essential service for crowd-sourcing IoT applications that help remote access or storage medical server (MS) data to the authorized doctors, patients, nurses, etc., via the public Internet. As the public Internet is exposed to various security attacks, remote user authenticated key exchange (AKE) has become a pressing need for the secure and reliable use of these services. This paper proposes a new resource-efficient AKE scheme for telecare medical information systems, called REAS-TMIS. It uses authenticated encryption with associative data (AEAD) and a hash function. AEAD schemes are devised specifically for encrypted communication among resource-constricted IoT devices. These features of AEAD make REAS-TMIS resource-efficient. Moreover, REAS-TMIS dispenses with the elliptic curve point multiplication and chaotic map that are computationally expensive operations. In addition, REAS-TMIS renders the functionality of session key (SK) establishment for future encrypted communication between MS and users after validating the authenticity of the user. The security of SK is corroborated employing the well establish random oracle model. Moreover, Scyther-based security corroboration is implemented to show that REAS-TMIS is secure, and informal security analysis is executed to show the resiliency of REAS-TMIS against various security attacks. Besides, a thorough analysis shows that REAS-TMIS, while accomplishing the authentication phase, requires less computational, communication, and storage resources than the related authentication protocol.
The phenomenal growth of smartphones and wearable devices has begun crowd-sourcing applications for the Internet of Things (IoT). E-healthcare is considered the essential service for crowd-sourcing IoT applications that help remote access or storage medical server (MS) data to the authorized doctors, patients, nurses, etc., via the public Internet. As the public Internet is exposed to various security attacks, remote user authenticated key exchange (AKE) has become a pressing need for the secure and reliable use of these services. This paper proposes a new resource-efficient AKE scheme for telecare medical information systems, called REAS-TMIS. It uses authenticated encryption with associative data (AEAD) and a hash function. AEAD schemes are devised specifically for encrypted communication among resource-constricted IoT devices. These features of AEAD make REAS-TMIS resource-efficient. Moreover, REAS-TMIS dispenses with the elliptic curve point multiplication and chaotic map that are computationally expensive operations. In addition, REAS-TMIS renders the functionality of session key (SK) establishment for future encrypted communication between MS and users after validating the authenticity of the user. The security of SK is corroborated employing the well establish random oracle model. Moreover, Scyther-based security corroboration is implemented to show that REAS-TMIS is secure, and informal security analysis is executed to show the resiliency of REAS-TMIS against various security attacks. Besides, a thorough analysis shows that REAS-TMIS, while accomplishing the authentication phase, requires less computational, communication, and storage resources than the related authentication protocol.
Summary The telecare medicine information systems (TMISs) not only help patients to receive incessant health care services but also assist the medical staffs to access patients' electronic health records anytime and from anywhere via Internet. Since the online communications are exposed to numerous security threats, the mutual authentication and key agreement between patients and the medical servers are of prime significance. During the recent years, various user authentication schemes have been suggested for the TMISs. Nonetheless, most of them are susceptible to some known attacks or have high computational cost. Newly, an effective remote user authentication and session key agreement protocol has been introduced by Ravanbakhsh and Nazari for health care systems. Besides the nice contributions of their work, we found that it has two security weaknesses, namely, known session‐specific temporary information attack and lack of perfect forward secrecy. As a result, to overcome these deficiencies, this paper suggests a novel anonymous and unlinkable user authentication and key agreement scheme for TMISs using the elliptic curve cryptosystem (ECC). We have evaluated the security of the proposed scheme by applying the automated validation of internet security protocols and applications (AVISPA) tool with the intention of indicating that our scheme can satisfy the vital security features. In addition, we have compared the proposed protocol with related schemes to show that it has a proper level of performance. The obtained results demonstrate that the new scheme is more preferable considering both efficiency and security criteria.
With the widespread utilization of Internet-enabled smart devices (SDs), the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has become prevalent in recent years. SDs exchange information through the open Internet, which creates security and privacy concerns for the exchanged information. To address these concerns, various solutions exist in the literature which, because of high computational and communication overheads, are not appropriate for the resource-constricted IIoT environment. This article proposes a resource-efficient authentication protocol for the IIoT, called REAP-IIoT, which employs a lightweight cryptography (LWC)-based authenticated encryption with associative data (AEAD) primitive AEGIS along with hash function. LWC-based AEAD primitives are suitable for resource constraint SDs because they require fewer computational resources. Moreover, REAP-IIoT renders the privacy-preserving user authentication functionality and establishes a session key (SK) between SDs deployed in the IIoT environment and users. Both user and SD utilize the established SK for encrypted communication. The security of SK, established during the authentication and key exchange (AKE) process of REAP-IIoT, is validated through the broadly accepted random or real model. Besides, Scyther-based security verification is conducted to illustrate that REAP-IIoT is secure and can protect the man-in-the-middle and replay attacks. Additionally, the informal security analysis is carried out to show that REAP-IIoT is protected against various covert security risks. A thorough comparison reveals that REAP-IIoT renders enhanced security characteristics apart from its low communication, storage, and computational overheads than the relevant AKE protocols.
Smart home systems can provide health care services for people with special needs in their own homes. Briefly defined, such a smart home has special electronics to enable the remote control of automated devices specifically designed for remote health care to ensure the safety of the patient at home and the supervision of their health status. These sensors are linked to a local intelligence unit responsible for analyzing sensor data, detecting emergency situations, and interfacing between the patient at home and a set of people involved in their health care, such as doctors, nurses, emergency services, and paramedics. Smart homes can improve the patient's quality of life and safety through the innovative use of advanced technologies. Telemedicine and telecare are driving forces behind the adoption of smart homes. The telecare medicine information system (TMIS) has drawn worldwide attention for the past 20 years, as modern technologies have made remote delivery of healthcare a reality. TMIS using multidisciplinary research and application involves advanced technologies in information processing, telecommunications, bio-sensing, and artificial intelligence including smart technologies. TMIS leverages the latest mobile and wireless communication technologies and widely available internet infrastructure to deliver quality services to home patients enabling them to remotely access information about their health and obtain telemedical services. TMIS delivers capabilities to remotely provide 24×7 health care facilities to patients. Its purpose is to provide patients with convenient and expedited remote health care services, greatly improving the quality and efficiency of health care services. However, the open and insecure nature of the internet poses a number of security threats to patient secrecy and privacy. Security design for TMIS is not trivial. Essential security and privacy are provided by mutual authentication and key agreement protocols. This paper proposes an efficient and secure, bilinear pairing-based, unlink-able, mutual authentication and key agreement protocol for TMIS. The proposed protocol adopts a fuzzy extractor for the identification of patients using the biometric data. The security of the proposed protocol is based on the hardness of the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem (ECDLP) and elliptic curve computational Diffie-Hellman problem (ECCDHP) to preserve the privacy of the user. The detailed security analysis is discussed, and the results of comparison are provided.
With the rapid development of information technology from one side and the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic from the other side, people presently prefer to access healthcare services remotely. Telecare Medical Information System (TMIS) provides more flexible, faster, and more convenient e-healthcare services available to all people, particularly those who lack access to physicians due to their geographical restrictions. However, due to the sensitivity of medical information, preventing unauthorized access to patient data and preserving patient privacy is crucial. In this paper, we propose an authenticated key agreement scheme for TMIS to preserve the privacy of the patient’s identity from all internal (even the health server and the physician) and external entities. Moreover, the physician’s identity is kept secret from all external entities. Formal and informal security analysis of the proposed scheme indicates that it is secure against all attacks in the context.
Telecare Medicine Information System enables patients to get healthcare services at home expediently and efficiently. Authentication and key agreement protocol suited for TMIS protect patient's privacy via the unsecure network. Recently, numerous protocols have been proposed intend to safeguard the communication between patients and server. However, most of them have high computation overhead and security problems. In this paper, we aim to propose a secure and effective authentication and key agreement protocol using smartcard and password for TMIS. The protocol is based on elliptic curve cryptography. Through security analysis we illustrate that our protocol is secure to resist some known attacks and provide user anonymity. Furthermore, by comparing with other related protocols we show our protocol is superior in security and performance aspects.
The rapid proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) has connected billions of devices that continuously exchange sensitive data over public wireless channels, making secure authentication a critical requirement. However, most IoT end devices are severely resource-constrained, which renders conventional public-key infrastructures based on RSA, bilinear pairings, or digital certificates impractical. Although many authentication and key agreement schemes have been proposed, recent cryptanalytic studies show that they often either omit essential security properties such as perfect forward secrecy or resistance to ephemeral secret leakage or incur overhead that is unacceptable for low-power nodes. To address this gap, this paper proposes a lightweight Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)-based authentication and key agreement protocol for a three-tier IoT architecture consisting of a user, a semi-trusted gateway server, and an IoT sensor. The protocol relies solely on elliptic-curve scalar multiplication, one-way hash functions, and bitwise XOR operations, avoiding bilinear pairings and certificate management. It achieves mutual authentication among all three parties through timestamped, hash-based authenticators and establishes a contributory session-key derived from fresh ephemeral keys, ensuring perfect forward secrecy. The security of the protocol is established through a detailed informal analysis, demonstrating resistance to major attacks, and is formally verified using the AVISPA tool, where both the OFMC and CL-AtSe back-ends report the protocol as SAFE under the Dolev–Yao adversary model. A comparative performance evaluation against several recent ECC-based authentication schemes shows that the proposed protocol maintains low cost requirements suitable for constrained IoT devices, and resulting in a communication overhead of 1828 bits, which is competitive with most recent ECC-based schemes evaluated, and imposing a minimal storage burden on end devices. The results demonstrate that the proposed protocol achieves a favorable balance between security and efficiency, making it well suited to resource-constrained IoT environments.