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Chinese Physics Letters

Multi-Type Solitons in Spin-Orbit Coupled Spin-1 Bose–Einstein Condensates

Juntao He, Ping-Ping Fang, Ji Lin

Published Feb 1, 2022• 38 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Recently, research of solitons in Bose–Einstein condensates has become a popular topic. Here, we mainly study exact analytical solutions of Gross–Pitaevskii equations describing spin-orbit coupled spin-1 Bose–Einstein condensates. To begin with, we show the analytical relation between different types of one-dimensional spin-orbit coupling and Zeeman effect. In addition, we find a transformation that can simplify the three-component Gross–Pitaevskii equations with spin-orbit coupling into the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The abundant stripe phase and dynamic characteristics of the system are investigated.

DOI
10.1088/0256-307x/39/2/020301

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Recently, research of solitons in Bose–Einstein condensates has become a popular topic. Here, we mainly study exact analytical solutions of Gross–Pitaevskii equations describing spin-orbit coupled spin-1 Bose–Einstein condensates. To begin with, we show the analytical relation between different types of one-dimensional spin-orbit coupling and Zeeman effect. In addition, we find a transformation that can simplify the three-component Gross–Pitaevskii equations with spin-orbit coupling into the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The abundant stripe phase and dynamic characteristics of the system are investigated.
We investigate the matter-wave solitons in a spin–orbit-coupled spin-1 Bose–Einstein condensate using a multiscale perturbation method. Beginning with the one-dimensional spin–orbit-coupled threecomponent Gross–Pitaevskii equations, we derive a single nonlinear Schrödinger equation, which allows determination of the analytical soliton solutions of the system. Stationary and moving solitons in the system are derived. In particular, a parameter space for different existing soliton types is provided. It is shown that there exist only dark or bright solitons when the spin–orbit coupling is weak, with the solitons depending on the atomic interactions. However, when the spin–orbit coupling is strong, both dark and bright solitons exist, being determined by the Raman coupling. Our analytical solutions are confirmed by direct numerical simulations.
We investigate the different types of matter-wave solitons in spin-orbit-coupled spin-2 spinor Bose-Einstein condensates. Using mean-field theory and adopting the multiscale perturbation method, the original five-component Gross-Pitaevskii spin-orbit-coupled spin-2 spinor Bose-Einstein condensate model can be reduced to a single effective nonlinear Schrödinger equation, which allows us to find analytical soliton solutions of this system. In this way, for different regimes of the spin-orbit coupling, Raman coupling, and interatomic interactions, we find approximate bright and dark soliton solutions. Particularly, the type of solitons depends on the dispersion properties of the system. When the lowest-energy band has a single-well structure, we find there only exist positive mass bright or dark solitons due to the dispersion coefficient of effective nonlinear Shrödinger equation always positive. However, when the lowest-energy band has a double-well structure, there will appear positive (negative) mass bright or dark solitons because the sign of the dispersion coefficient can be positive (negative) under different momentum. We employ direct numerical simulation of the original five-component Gross-Pitaevskii equations to confirm the analytical results.
Abstract We find a restrictive integrable reduction for the one-dimensional spin-orbit-coupled spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate system, which allows us to reduce the three-component Gross-Pitaevskii system into the two-component Manakov system or the single cubic Schrödinger equation. Based on the reduction, we obtain the multi-breathers, higher-order rouge waves and multi-dark soliton solutions for ferromagnetic and anti-ferromagnetic system, respectively. Furthermore, the impacts of the spin-orbit coupling to the multi-soliton dynamics, and the stability of these soliton solutions have also been discussed.
Solitons play a fundamental role in the dynamics of nonlinear excitations. Here we explore the motion of solitons in one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensates subjected to a spin-orbit coupling (SOC). We demonstrate that the spin dynamics of solitons is governed by a nonlinear Bloch equation. The spin dynamics affects the orbital motion of solitons leading to spin-orbit effects in the dynamics of macroscopic quantum objects (mean-field solitons). The latter perform oscillations with a frequency determined by the SOC, Raman coupling, and intrinsic nonlinearity. These findings reveal unique features of solitons affected by the SOC, which are confirmed by analytical considerations and numerical simulations of the underlying Gross-Pitaevskii equations.
We have investigated the dynamics of bright solitons in a spin–orbit coupled spin-1 Bose–Einstein condensate analytically and numerically. By using the hyperbolic sine function as the trial function to describe a plane wave bright soliton with a single finite momentum, we have derived the motion equations of soliton’s spin and center of mass, and obtained its exact analytical solutions. Our results show that the spin–orbit coupling couples the soliton’s spin with its center-of-mass motion, the spin oscillations induced by the exchange of atoms between components result in the periodical oscillation of center-of-mass, and the motion of center of mass of soliton can be viewed as a superposition of periodical and linear motions. Our analytical results have also been confirmed by the direct numerical simulations of Gross–Pitaevskii equations.
We investigate the moving matter-wave solitons in spin—orbit coupled Bose—Einstein condensates (BECs) by a perturbation method. Starting with the one-dimensional Gross—Pitaevskii equations, we derive a new KdV-like equation to which an approximate solution is obtained by assuming weak Raman coupling and strong spin—orbit coupling. The derivation of the KdV-like equation may be useful to understand the properties of solitons excitation in spin—orbit coupled BECs. We find different types of moving solitons: dark—bright, bright—bright and dark—dark solitons. Interestingly, moving dark—dark soliton for attractive intra- and inter-species interactions is found, which depends on the Raman coupling. The amplitude and velocity of the moving solitons strongly depend on the Raman coupling and spin—orbit coupling.