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Journal of Low Temperature Physics

Elementary Excitations in the Ferromagnetic Bose–Einstein Condensate of Low-Density Gas of Arbitrary Spin Particles

V. S. Babichenko, I. Ya. Polishchuk

Published Jan 29, 2022• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s10909-022-02670-7

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Properties of the ground state and the spectrum of elementary excitations are investigated for the low density ultracold spinor 3D Bose gas of particles with arbitrary nonzero spin. Gross-Pitaevskii equations are derived. Within the framework of the considering interaction Hamiltonian it is shown that the ground state spin structure and spin part of the chemical potential is determined by the renormalized interaction, being defined by the contribution of the virtual large momenta. The ferromagnetic structure of the ground state, and the equation of the phase, density, and spin dynamics are obtained from Gross-Pitaevskii equations.
The properties of the ground state and the spectrum of elementary excitations of an ultracold rarefied three-dimensional Bose gas of particles with arbitrary nonzero spin are investigated. It is assumed that the bare interaction consists of two parts: a short-range isotropic interaction that is independent of spin orientation and a long-range anisotropic spin-spin interaction of dipole-dipole type. The Gross-Pitaevskii equation is obtained. It is shown using this equation that the renormalized interaction, determined by the contribution of high momenta, plays an important role in the formation of the spin structure of the ground state and the density dependence of the chemical potential. It is established that there exists a range of parameters of the bare-interaction pair potential where the ground state is ferromagnetic. Criteria for the stability of this state are found. An equation describing the dynamics of the spin density is obtained. The spectrum of elementary excitations is determined.
We have numerically solved the low-energy excitation spectra of ferromagnetic Bose-Einstein condensates subject to dipolar interparticle interactions. The system is assumed to be harmonically confined by purely optical means, thereby maintaining the spin degree of freedom of the condensate order parameter. Using a zero-temperature spin-1 model, we solve the Bogoliubov excitations for different spin textures, including a spin-vortex state in the absence of external magnetic fields and a rapidly rotating polarized spin texture in a finite homogeneous field. In particular, we consider the effect of dipolar interactions on excitations characteristic of ferromagnetic condensates. The energies of spin waves and magnetic quadrupole modes are found to increase rapidly with the dipolar coupling strength, whereas the energies of density oscillations change only slightly.