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Algebraic Combinatorics

Pretty good quantum fractional revival in paths and cycles

Ada Chan, Whitney Drazen, Or Eisenberg, Mark Kempton, Gábor Lippner

Published Jan 4, 2022• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We initiate the study of pretty good quantum fractional revival in graphs, a generalization of pretty good quantum state transfer in graphs. We give a complete characterization of pretty good fractional revival in a graph in terms of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the adjacency matrix of a graph. This characterization follows from a lemma due to Kronecker on Diophantine approximation, and is similar to the spectral characterization of pretty good state transfer in graphs. Using this, we give complete characterizations of when pretty good fractional revival can occur in paths and in cycles.

DOI
10.5802/alco.189

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We initiate the study of pretty good quantum fractional revival in graphs, a generalization of pretty good quantum state transfer in graphs. We give a complete characterization of pretty good fractional revival in a graph in terms of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the adjacency matrix of a graph. This characterization follows from a lemma due to Kronecker on Diophantine approximation, and is similar to the spectral characterization of pretty good state transfer in graphs. Using this, we give complete characterizations of when pretty good fractional revival can occur in paths and in cycles.
We initiate the study of approximate quantum fractional revival in graphs, a generalization of pretty good quantum state transfer in graphs. We give a complete characterization of approximate fractional revival in a graph in terms of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the adjacency matrix of a graph. This characterization follows from a lemma due to Kronecker on Diophantine approximation, and is similar to the spectral characterization of pretty good state transfer in graphs. Using this, we give a complete characterizations of when approximate fractional revival can occur in paths and in cycles.
We investigate fractional revival in graphs with respect to the adjacency, Laplacian, and signless Laplacian matrices. We observe that, under certain conditions, fractional revival is preserved under graph complementation. Then we establish a connection between fractional revival in a graph and in its double cover, and obtain a complete characterization of pretty good plus state transfer in cycles and their complements. This leads to characterizations of pretty good vertex state transfer in weighted paths with potential.
Quantum computing is believed to provide many advantages over traditional computing, particularly considering the speed at which computations can be performed. One of the challenges that needs to be resolved in order to construct a quantum computer is the transmission of information from one part of the computer to another. Quantum walks, the quantum analogues of classical random walks, provide one potential method for resolving this challenge. \n \nIn this thesis, we use techniques from algebraic graph theory and number theory to analyze the mathematical model for continuous time quantum walks on graphs. For the continuous time quantum walk model, we define a transition operator, which is a function of a Hamiltonian. We focus on the cases where the adjacency matrix or the Laplacian of a graph act as the Hamiltionian. We mainly consider quantum walks on paths as a model for spin chains, which are the underlying basis of a quantum communication protocol. \n \nFor communication to be efficient, we desire states to be transferred with high fidelity, a measure of the amount of similarity between the transmitted state and the received state. At the maximum fidelity of 1, we say we have achieved perfect state transfer. Examples of perfect state transfer are relatively rare, so the concept of pretty good state transfer was introduced as a natural relaxation, which exists if fidelities arbitrarily close to 1 are obtained. \n \nOur first main result is to characterize pretty good state transfer on paths. Previously, pretty good state transfer on paths was considered mainly for the end vertices, though results for both models indicated that if there was pretty good state transfer between the end vertices, then there was pretty good state transfer between internal vertices equidistant from each end. We complete the characterization by demonstrating, for the adjacency matrix model, a family of paths where pretty good state transfer exists between internal vertices but not between end vertices, and verifying that no other example exists. For the Laplacian model, we show that there are no paths with pretty good state transfer between internal vertices but not between the end vertices. \n \nOur second main result considers initial states involving multiple vertices. Under the adjacency matrix model, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for pretty good state transfer in a particular family of paths in terms of the eigenvalue support of the initial state. We also discuss recent results on fractional revival, which is another form of multiple qubit state transfer.
We give a complete characterization of pretty good state transfer on paths between any pair of vertices with respect to the quantum walk model determined by the XY-Hamiltonian. If n is the length of the path, and the vertices are indexed by the positive integers from 1 to n, with adjacent vertices having consecutive indices, then the necessary and sufficient conditions for pretty good state transfer between vertices a and b are that (a) a + b = n + 1, (b) n + 1 has at most one positive odd non-trivial divisor, and (c) if n = 2^t r - 1, for r odd and r \neq 1, then a is a multiple of 2^{t - 1}.
We give a complete characterization of pretty good state transfer on paths between any pair of vertices with respect to the quantum walk model determined by the XY-Hamiltonian. If nnn is the length of the path, and the vertices are indexed by the positive integers from 1 to nnn, with adjacent vertices having consecutive indices, then the necessary and sufficient conditions for pretty good state transfer between vertices aaa and bbb are that (a) a+b=n+1a + b = n + 1a+b=n+1, (b) n+1n + 1n+1 has at most one odd non-trivial divisor, and (c) if n=2tr−1n = 2^t r - 1n=2tr−1, for rrr odd and r≠1r \neq 1r=1, then aaa is a multiple of 2t−12^{t - 1}2t−1.