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Frontiers in Optics

Near-maximal Polarization Entanglement for Quantum Communications at 2.1 µm

Adetunmise C. Dada, Jędrzej Kaniewski, Corin B. E. Gawith, Martin P. J. Lavery, Robert H. Hadfield, Daniele Faccio, Matteo Clerici

Published Jan 1, 2021• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate for the first time a positive secure-key rate at 2.1 µm (0.417 bits/pair, with a quantum bit error rate of 5.43%), using near-maximally entangled photons in a proof-of-principle device-independent quantum-key-distribution scenario.
DOI
10.1364/fio.2021.jtu1a.46

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Owing to a reduced solar background and low propagation losses in the atmosphere, the 2- to 2.5-μ\muμm waveband is a promising candidate for daylight quantum communication. This spectral region also offers low losses and low dispersion in hollow-core fibers and in silicon waveguides. We demonstrate for the first time the capability for entanglement-based quantum key distribution (QKD) at 2.1 μ\muμm, obtaining a positive secure-key rate (0.417 bits/pair, with a quantum bit error rate of 5.43%) using near-maximally entangled photon pairs in a proof-of-principle device-independent QKD scenario.
We here present the rate analysis and a proof of principle demonstration of a device-independent quantum key distribution protocol requiring the lowest detection efficiency necessary to achieve a secure key compared to device-independent protocols known so far. The protocol is based on a non-maximally entangled state and its experimental demonstration has been performed by two-photon bipartite entangled states. The improvement with respect to protocols involving maximally entangled states has been estimated.
Semiconductor quantum dots are capable of emitting polarization entangled photon pairs with ultralow multipair emission probability even at maximum brightness. Using a quantum dot source with a fidelity as high as 0.987(8), we implement here quantum key distribution with an average quantum bit error rate as low as 1.9% over a time span of 13 hours. For a proof of principle, the key generation is performed with the BBM92 protocol between two buildings, connected by a 350-m-long fiber, resulting in an average raw (secure) key rate of 135 bits/s (86 bits/s) for a pumping rate of 80 MHz, without resorting to time- or frequency-filtering techniques. Our work demonstrates the viability of quantum dots as light sources for entanglement-based quantum key distribution and quantum networks. By increasing the excitation rate and embedding the dots in state-of-the-art photonic structures, key generation rates in the gigabits per second range are in principle at reach.
The 2- to 2.5-$\ensuremath{\mu}$m waveband enjoys reduced solar background and low propagation losses in the atmosphere and hollow-core optical fibers. However, harnessing these advantages for optical quantum communications has proved challenging due to a lack of suitable quantum light sources and detectors. The authors demonstrate in this waveband a source of entangled photons that is suitable for generating secure keys for quantum key distribution, and provide device-independent certification of the entanglement. These results are promising for the future implementation of device-independent secure optical quantum communications in daylight.
By realizing a quantum cryptography system based on polarization entangled photon pairs we establish highly secure keys, because a single photon source is approximated and the inherent randomness of quantum measurements is exploited. We implement a novel key distribution scheme using Wigner's inequality to test the security of the quantum channel, and, alternatively, realize a variant of the BB84 protocol. Our system has two completely independent users separated by 360 m, and generates raw keys at rates of 400-800 bits/s with bit error rates around 3%.
Quantum key distribution provides information-theoretically-secure communication. In practice, device imperfections may jeopardise the system security. Device-independent quantum key distribution solves this problem by providing secure keys even when the quantum devices are untrusted and uncharacterized. Following a recent security proof of the device-independent quantum key distribution, we improve the key rate by tightening the parameter choice in the security proof. In practice where the system is lossy, we further improve the key rate by taking into account the loss position information. From our numerical simulation, our method can outperform existing results. Meanwhile, we outline clear experimental requirements for implementing device-independent quantum key distribution. The maximal tolerable error rate is 1.6%, the minimal required transmittance is 97.3%, and the minimal required visibility is 96.896.8%96.8.