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Springer series on atomic, optical, and plasma physics

Atomic Clouds

José Tito Mendonça, Hugo Terças

Published Oct 8, 2012• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/978-1-4614-5413-7_4

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Precise information of positions and sizes of atom clouds is required for atom-interferometry-based G measurements. In this work, characterizing atom clouds using a charge-coupled device (CCD) is presented. The parameters of atom clouds are extracted from fluorescence images captured by the CCD. For characterization, in-situ calibration of the magnification of the imaging system is implemented using the free-fall distance of atom clouds as the dimension reference. Moreover, influence of the probe beam on measuring the positions of atom clouds is investigated, and a differential measurement by reversing the direction of the probe beam is proposed to suppress the influence. Finally, precision at sub-mm level for characterizing atom clouds is achieved.
We study the effect of a weakly driven atomic cloud's polarization distribution on its photon scattering line shape in the limit where the atoms can be treated as stationary and randomly distributed. We find three distinct polarization regimes. First, for dilute clouds, the polarization magnitude is relatively constant. Second, for denser clouds, polarization builds at the front of the cloud for near-resonant light. Third, when the cloud condenses to the point where its dimensions become comparable to the wavelength, light focuses towards the back of the cloud for red detuning. For these regimes, we show which ``mean-field'' frameworks accurately describe the differing photon-scattering line shapes. Finally, for even denser clouds, mean-field models become inaccurate and necessitate the full point dipole model that includes atom-atom correlations.
Cold-atom interferometers with optical splitting and recombination use off-resonant laser beams to split a cloud of Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) into two clouds that travel along different paths and are then recombined again using optical beams. After the recombination, the BEC in general populates both the cloud at rest and the moving clouds. Measuring a relative number of atoms in each of these clouds yields information about the relative phase shift accumulated by the atoms in the two moving clouds during the interferometric cycle. We derive the expression for the probability of finding any given number of atoms in each of the clouds, discuss features of the probability density distribution, analyze its dependence on the relative accumulated phase shift as a function of the strength of the interatomic interactions, and compare our results with experiment.