QM review

Xian Jing-lin

This paper reviews the development course of QM in the 20th century,and summarizes the main idea,method and character of QM in every period.It also looks into the prospects of QM in the new century.

Roy A. Kaelin

Chloe Tully

The Counterintuitive Foundations of Quantum Mechanics: A Review of Ten Empirical Anomalies Scientific Review C J Tully Independent Researcher https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5661-7332 10th October 2026 Abstract Quantum mechanics (QM) constitutes the most empirically successful physical theory in the history of science, yet its foundational axioms systematically violate classical intuitions regarding locality, causality, determinism, and the independent reality of physical systems. This paper reviews ten of the most profound experimentally verified quantum phenomena: superposition, entanglement and non-locality, wave-particle complementarity, the uncertainty principle, quantum tunneling, the measurement problem, quantum vacuum fluctuations, quantum teleportation, the quantum Zeno effect, and decoherence. For each anomaly we present the relevant mathematical formalism within the Hilbert-space formulation, the decisive empirical evidence, and the residual conceptual tension with classical expectations. We conclude with a discussion of the ontological implications of a non-empty vacuum state in quantum field theory and the status of the measurement problem, arguing that these features are not paradoxes but constitutive elements of a fundamentally quantum reality. Keywords: quantum mechanics; superposition; entanglement; measurement problem; decoherence; quantum vacuum; Bell inequality

Bhargava R Kotur

Franco Strocchi

We briefly review the basic structure of quantum mechanics (QM) with the aim of covering both the case of systems with a finite number of degrees of freedom (ordinary QM) as well as the case of systems with an infinite number of degrees of freedom (briefly infinite systems ).