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Chinese Optics

Photonics generation of broadband millimeter wave noise signals with high excess noise ratios

HUANG Hai-bi, 广东工业大学 信息工程学院 广东省信息光子技术重点实验室，广东 广州 510006, Wenjie Liu, SUN Yue-hui, WANG An-bang, QIN Yu-wen, WANG Yun-cai, 太原理工大学 新型传感器与智能控制教育部重点实验室，山西 太原 030024

Published Dec 17, 2021• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.37188/co.2021-0158

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We report photon-noise limited performance of horn-coupled, aluminum lumped-element kinetic inductance detectors at millimeter wavelengths. The detectors are illuminated by a millimeter-wave source that uses an active multiplier chain to produce radiation between 140 and 160 GHz. We feed the multiplier with either amplified broadband noise or a continuous-wave tone from a microwave signal generator. We demonstrate that the detector response over a 40 dB range of source power is well-described by a simple model that considers the number of quasiparticles. The detector noise-equivalent power (NEP) is dominated by photon noise when the absorbed power is greater than approximately 1 pW, which corresponds to NEP≈2×10−17 W Hz−1/2, referenced to absorbed power. At higher source power levels, we observe the relationships between noise and power expected from the photon statistics of the source signal: NEP∝P for broadband (chaotic) illumination and NEP∝P1/2 for continuous-wave (coherent) illumination.
In the field of high-frequency radio interferometer, Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA), its highest receiving frequency reaches 950 GHz. To receive such high frequencies, a higher reference frequency is required (as much as over 100 GHz). To maintain signal coherency, this reference signal has to be highly stable. To address these issues, we have developed a new method to generate and transmit a reference signal in the form of frequency difference between two coherent light waves. The two transmitted optical signals require phase stability better than 10-13(1 sec) in white phase noise in the Allan standard deviation.
Photon pairs generated via spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) are a crucial resource in the development of quantum protocols and quantum technologies, due to the strong correlation between two photons of the same pair. Efficient pair generation is necessary for protocols that require high signal-to-noise ratios when embedded in a lossy and noisy environment. Nonlinear waveguides are well-established platforms for photon pair generation. However, scattering and material absorption can inhibit the efficiency of the pair generation and require high pump powers. Here, we present an aluminum gallium arsenide Bragg-reflection waveguide, fabricated following an optimized recipe, that shows a record brightness compared to other samples with the same structure. When pumped with a sub-mW continuous wave laser, our waveguide generates photon pairs at a rate of340 kHz ⋅ mW−1340\,\rm {kHz}\,\cdot \, mW^{-1}340kHz⋅mW−1, and a spectral width of100 nm100\,\rm {nm}100nmin the telecom band. As a direct application, we investigate the operation of our waveguide in quantum rangefinding, a quantum protocol that employs time correlations between photon pairs to measure objects' distances, while camouflaging within background. This protocol was implemented with nonlinear crystals engineered for broadband emission. Supported by simulations of signal-to-noise ratio, we introduce our low-loss and broadband waveguide as a novel platform for telecom quantum rangefinding, robust against loss and noise.