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Journal of Optics

Optical encryption using phase modulation generated by thermal lens effect

Alexis Jaramillo-Osorio, Alejandro Velez-Zea, Humberto Cabrera, Joseph J Niemela, John Fredy Barrera, Roberto Torroba

Published Dec 17, 2021• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We present the implementation of an experimental optical encryption configuration in the Fresnel domain using the thermal lens (TL) effect to modulate the phase of the illumination beam. We corroborate the basic performance of our cryptosystem by performing the encryption-decryption procedure of a single object. Then, we test the tolerance of the proposed scheme to decryption with keys registered for different modulations of the illumination beam induced by the phase generated due to TL effect. These different phase modulations are obtained by introducing axial displacements of a sample, where the TL effect is induced by an excitation beam (EB). Considering the phase modulation changes in the illumination due to sample displacements, we propose an undercover procedure to further protect the target information using decoy data. The key associated with the target information is obtained when the probe beam (PB) and EB are focused on the same point of the sample, while the decoy object key is registered when the beams are not focused on the same region of the sample. Finally, we analyzed the resistance of the undercover ciphertext to some of the attacks reported in the literature. All experimental results presented in this work demonstrate the basic capabilities, viability, and versatility of our proposals.

DOI
10.1088/2040-8986/ac4412

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Abstract We present the implementation of an experimental optical encryption configuration in the Fresnel domain using the thermal lens (TL) effect to modulate the phase of the illumination beam. We corroborate the basic performance of our cryptosystem by performing the encryption-decryption procedure of a single object. Then, we test the tolerance of the proposed scheme to decryption with keys registered for different modulations of the illumination beam induced by the phase generated due to TL effect. These different phase modulations are obtained by introducing axial displacements of a sample, where the TL effect is induced by an excitation beam (EB). Considering the phase modulation changes in the illumination due to sample displacements, we propose an undercover procedure to further protect the target information using decoy data. The key associated with the target information is obtained when the probe beam (PB) and EB are focused on the same point of the sample, while the decoy object key is registered when the beams are not focused on the same region of the sample. Finally, we analyzed the resistance of the undercover ciphertext to some of the attacks reported in the literature. All experimental results presented in this work demonstrate the basic capabilities, viability, and versatility of our proposals.
We propose an experimental demonstration for the phase-only optical decryption based on kinogram encoding. Only one spatial light modulator is used to simultaneously display the encrypted information and the decrypting key for decryption. We investigate the effect of binary and multiphase keys on the security level of the encrypted information. The accepted displacement of the decryption key within the system is also determined. The free misalignment of the Fourier lens is experimentally demonstrated.
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Abstract We provide experimental validation of quantum encryption in phase space using displacement operators in coherent states (DOCS) in a conventional coherent optical communication system. The proposed encryption technique is based on displacing the information symbols in the phase space using random phases and amplitudes to achieve encryption randomly and provide security at the physical layer. We also introduce a dual polarization encryption approach where we use two different and random DOCS to encrypt the X and Y polarizations separately. The experimental results show that only authorized users can decrypt the signal correctly, and any mismatch in the displacement operator coefficients, amplitudes, or phases will lead to a bit error ratio (BER) of approximately 50%. We also compare the performance of the system with and without encryption over 80 km of standard-single mode fiber (SSMF) transmission to assess the added penalty of such encryption. The achieved net bit rates are 224, 448, and 560 Gb/s for QPSK, 16QAM, and 32QAM modulation formats, respectively. The experimental results showcase the efficacy of the DOCS encryption technique in resisting various decryption attempts, demonstrating its effectiveness in ensuring the security and confidentiality of transmitted data in a real-world transmission scenario.
The kinogram-based single-phase decryption technique is experimentally demonstrated. Only one phase spatial light modulator is used to simultaneously display the encrypted information and the decrypting key. The intensity decrypted image is obtained by Fourier transforming the phase decrypted information. We investigate the effect of the binary and multiphase keys on the security level of the encrypted information. The accepted displacement of the decrypting key within the system is determined. The influence of the optical system bandwidth and noise on the decryption quality is also investigated.
Abstract For the purpose of alleviating the vulnerability of double random phase encryption system in the linear canonical transform domain, a novel approach for optical security and cryptographic systems is presented. This proposed system uses a fully phase encoding technique to augment the security of encryption system in the linear canonical transform. The first step in this system involves phase encoding of the initial amplitude image to be ciphered and then modulated by the phase masks. The decryption process of image is the reversal operation of the encryption method. The effectiveness and sensitivity of our proposed cryptosystem for the encryption secret keys are verified. The resistance of our method against occlusion attacks is investigated. Moreover, the results demonstrate that the fully phase-based optical cryptosystem is more secure and robust than the amplitude-based scheme in a linear canonical domain.
An optical image encryption method is proposed based on Fourier single-pixel imaging and iterated phase retrieval algorithm. First, a binary barcode image containing two groups of horizontal strips is randomly generated and used as the target image in the single-pixel imaging process. Second, considering the barcode image as the amplitude constraint, the original plaintext image is encoded to two phase-only masks using a designed phase retrieval algorithm in Fresnel domain, and these masks are applied as secret keys. Finally, the barcode image is encrypted to a series of measurements using two-step phase shift Fourier single-pixel imaging as the ciphertext. Differing other methods, the original image is not directly imaged and encoded into the ciphertext. Even the ciphertext is obtained by a cracker, only the barcode image may be further discovered. Due to two phase-only masks as secret keys, the security level of the cryptosystem can be enhanced greatly. The simulated results verify the feasibility of the proposed method, and this work provides an effective alternative for the related research.