Quantum networks (QNs) are a promising platform for secure communications, enhanced sensing, and efficient distributed quantum computing. However, due to the fragile nature of quantum states, these networks face significant challenges in terms of scalability. In this paper, the scaling limits of quantum repeater networks (QRNs) are analyzed. The goal of this work is to maximize the overall length, or scalability of QRNs such that long-distance quantum communications is achieved while application-specific quality-of-service ( $Q$ oS) requirements are satisfied. In particular, a novel joint optimization framework that aims at maximizing QRN scalability, while satisfying $Q$ oS constraints on the end-to-end fidelity and rate is proposed. The proposed approach optimizes the number of QRN repeater nodes, their separation distance, and the number of distillation rounds to be performed at both link and end-to-end levels. Extensive simulations are conducted to analyze the tradeoffs between QRN scalability, rate, and fidelity under gate and measurement errors. The obtained results characterize the QRN scaling limits for a given QoS requirement. The proposed approach offers a promising solution and design guidelines for future QRN deployments.Quantum networks (QNs) are a promising platform for secure communications, enhanced sensing, and efficient distributed quantum computing. However, due to the fragile nature of quantum states, these networks face significant challenges in terms of scalability. In this paper, the scaling limits of quantum repeater networks (QRNs) are analyzed. The goal of this work is to maximize the overall length, or scalability of QRNs such that long-distance quantum communications is achieved while application-specific quality-of-service ($Q$oS) requirements are satisfied. In particular, a novel joint optimization framework that aims at maximizing QRN scalability, while satisfying$Q$oS constraints on the end-to-end fidelity and rate is proposed. The proposed approach optimizes the number of QRN repeater nodes, their separation distance, and the number of distillation rounds to be performed at both link and end-to-end levels. Extensive simulations are conducted to analyze the tradeoffs between QRN scalability, rate, and fidelity under gate and measurement errors. The obtained results characterize the QRN scaling limits for a given QoS requirement. The proposed approach offers a promising solution and design guidelines for future QRN deployments.

arXiv:2305.08696IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE)Sep 17, 202312 citations

The Quantum Optical Repeater

Y. Yamamoto

ScienceMar 11, 19948 citations

Quantum repeater demonstrated

Physics WorldOct 1, 20080 citations

Performance Analysis of Quantum Repeaters Based Hybrid Communications Networks

Marwa Hameed Kadhim, Jawad A. K. Hasan, Raad S. Alhumaima

Abstract Towards offering efficient optical networks with regards to the cost and delay, the adaptation of quantum and classical communications can offer a solution to reduce high generated cost of implementing the bare quantum repeaters-based networks. In this paper, the performance of hybrid (classical-Quantum) networks that uses quantum repeaters is analysed and compared with bare quantum repeater network. In a distance, these repeaters are removed and replaced with classical base station. Several network metrics have been evaluated after modelling both quantum and hybrid networks, such as the latency, data rate, energy efficiency, scalability, power consumption and cost of implementation. The results show that the hybrid networks can offer faster connectivity, reduced cost, less required cost of operation and higher scalability. In contrary, the bare quantum repeater network showed higher data rate and higher energy efficiency.Abstract Towards offering efficient optical networks with regards to the cost and delay, the adaptation of quantum and classical communications can offer a solution to reduce high generated cost of implementing the bare quantum repeaters-based networks. In this paper, the performance of hybrid (classical-Quantum) networks that uses quantum repeaters is analysed and compared with bare quantum repeater network. In a distance, these repeaters are removed and replaced with classical base station. Several network metrics have been evaluated after modelling both quantum and hybrid networks, such as the latency, data rate, energy efficiency, scalability, power consumption and cost of implementation. The results show that the hybrid networks can offer faster connectivity, reduced cost, less required cost of operation and higher scalability. In contrary, the bare quantum repeater network showed higher data rate and higher energy efficiency.

IOP Conference Series Materials Science and EngineeringFeb 1, 20213 citations

Renormalization and small-world model of fractal quantum repeater networks

Zong-Wen Wei, Bing-Hong Wang, Xiao-Pu Han

Quantum networks provide access to exchange of quantum information. The primary task of quantum networks is to distribute entanglement between remote nodes. Although quantum repeater protocol enables long distance entanglement distribution, it has been restricted to one-dimensional linear network. Here we develop a general framework that allows application of quantum repeater protocol to arbitrary quantum repeater networks with fractal structure. Entanglement distribution across such networks is mapped to renormalization. Furthermore, we demonstrate that logarithmical times of recursive such renormalization transformations can trigger fractal to small-world transition, where a scalable quantum small-world network is achieved. Our result provides new insight into quantum repeater theory towards realistic construction of large-scale quantum networks.Quantum networks provide access to exchange of quantum information. The primary task of quantum networks is to distribute entanglement between remote nodes. Although quantum repeater protocol enables long distance entanglement distribution, it has been restricted to one-dimensional linear network. Here we develop a general framework that allows application of quantum repeater protocol to arbitrary quantum repeater networks with fractal structure. Entanglement distribution across such networks is mapped to renormalization. Furthermore, we demonstrate that logarithmical times of recursive such renormalization transformations can trigger fractal to small-world transition, where a scalable quantum small-world network is achieved. Our result provides new insight into quantum repeater theory towards realistic construction of large-scale quantum networks.

arXiv:1111.0407Scientific ReportsFeb 5, 20137 citations

Theoretical Analysis and Simulations of Memory-based and All-photonic Quantum Repeaters and Networks

Chuen Hei Chan, Charu Jain, Ezra Kissel +4 more

Developing and deploying advanced Quantum Repeater (QR) technologies will be necessary to scale quantum networks to longer distances. Depending on the error mitigation mechanisms adopted to suppress loss and errors, QRs are typically classified into memory-based or all-photonic QRs; and each type of QR may be best suited for a specific type of underlying quantum technology, a particular scale of quantum networks, or a specific regime of operational parameters. We perform theoretical analysis and simulations of quantum repeaters and networks to investigate the relative performance and resource requirements of different quantum network paradigms. Our results will help guide the optimization of quantum hardware and components and shed light on the role of a robust control plane. We present our research findings on theoretical analysis and simulations of memory-based first-generation trapped-ion quantum repeaters and networks, and all-photonic entanglement-based quantum repeaters and networks. We study the relative performance in terms of entanglement generation rate and fidelity, as well as the resource requirements of these two different quantum network paradigms.Developing and deploying advanced Quantum Repeater (QR) technologies will be necessary to scale quantum networks to longer distances. Depending on the error mitigation mechanisms adopted to suppress loss and errors, QRs are typically classified into memory-based or all-photonic QRs; and each type of QR may be best suited for a specific type of underlying quantum technology, a particular scale of quantum networks, or a specific regime of operational parameters. We perform theoretical analysis and simulations of quantum repeaters and networks to investigate the relative performance and resource requirements of different quantum network paradigms. Our results will help guide the optimization of quantum hardware and components and shed light on the role of a robust control plane. We present our research findings on theoretical analysis and simulations of memory-based first-generation trapped-ion quantum repeaters and networks, and all-photonic entanglement-based quantum repeaters and networks. We study the relative performance in terms of entanglement generation rate and fidelity, as well as the resource requirements of these two different quantum network paradigms.

quant-pharXiv:2512.23111Dec 30, 20250 citations

Q

oS) requirements are satisfied. In particular, a novel joint optimization framework that aims at maximizing QRN scalability, while satisfying

Q

oS constraints on the end-to-end fidelity and rate is proposed. The proposed approach optimizes the number of QRN repeater nodes, their separation distance, and the number of distillation rounds to be performed at both link and end-to-end levels. Extensive simulations are conducted to analyze the tradeoffs between QRN scalability, rate, and fidelity under gate and measurement errors. The obtained results characterize the QRN scaling limits for a given QoS requirement. The proposed approach offers a promising solution and design guidelines for future QRN deployments.