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International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC)

Finite-key-size Effect in Asymmetric Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution

Joo Youn Park, Jun Heo

Published Oct 20, 2021• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Twin-Field(TF) quantum key distribution(QKD) is attracting attention due to the possibility of implementing long-range QKD. However, due to the finite-size effect, the secret key rate becomes relatively low. The statistical fluctuation analysis of the four-intensity decoy-state asymmetric TF-QKD system is considered in this study, and optimized parameters for the Gaussian approximation method are also presented.

DOI
10.1109/ictc52510.2021.9620743

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Twin-Field(TF) quantum key distribution(QKD) is attracting attention due to the possibility of implementing long-range QKD. However, due to the finite-size effect, the secret key rate becomes relatively low. The statistical fluctuation analysis of the four-intensity decoy-state asymmetric TF-QKD system is considered in this study, and optimized parameters for the Gaussian approximation method are also presented.
Twin-field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD), which is immune to all possible detector side channel attacks, enables two remote legitimate users to perform secure communications without quantum repeaters. With the help of a central node, TF-QKD is expected to overcome the linear key-rate constraint using current technologies. However, the security of the former TF-QKD protocols relies on the hypothesis of infinite-key and stable sources. In this paper, we present the finite-key analysis of a practical decoy-state twin-field quantum key distribution with variant statistical fluctuation models. We examine the composable security of the protocol with intensity fluctuations of unstable sources employing Azuma's inequality. Our simulation results indicate that the secret key rate is able to surpass the linear key-rate bound with limited signal pulses and intensity fluctuations. In addition, the effect of intensity fluctuations is extremely significant for small size of total signals.
Abstract Twin-Field (TF) quantum key distribution (QKD) is a major candidate to be the new benchmark for far-distance QKD implementations, since its secret key rate can overcome the repeaterless bound by means of a simple interferometric measurement. Many variants of the original protocol have been recently proven to be secure. Here, we focus on the TF-QKD type protocol proposed by Curty et al (2019 NPJ Quantum Inf. 5 64), which can provide a high secret key rate and whose practical feasibility has been demonstrated in various recent experiments. The security of this protocol relies on the estimation of certain detection probabilities (yields) through the decoy-state technique. Analytical bounds on the relevant yields have been recently derived assuming that both parties use the same set of decoy intensities, thus providing sub-optimal key rates in asymmetric-loss scenarios. Here we derive new analytical bounds when the parties use either two, three or four independent decoy intensity settings each. With the new bounds we optimize the protocol’s performance in asymmetric-loss scenarios and show that the protocol is robust against uncorrelated intensity fluctuations affecting the parties’ lasers.
Abstract Twin-field quantum key distribution(TF-QKD) protocol and its variants, such as phase-matching QKD, sending-or-not-sending QKD and no phase post-selection TF-QKD(NPP-TFQKD), are very promising for long-distance applications. However, there are still some gaps between theory and practice in these protocols. Concretely, a finite-key size analysis is still missing, and the intensity fluctuations are not taken into account. To address the finite-key size effect, we first give the key rate of NPP-TFQKD against collective attack in finite-key size region and then prove it can be against coherent attack. To deal with the intensity fluctuations, we present an analytical formula of 4-intensity decoy state NPP-TFQKD and a practical intensity fluctuation model. Finally, through detailed simulations, we show NPP-TFQKD can still keep its superiority of high key rate and long achievable distance.
Long-distance quantum key distribution (QKD) has long time seriously relied on trusted relay or quantum repeater, which either has security threat or is far from practical implementation. Recently, a solution called twin-field (TF) QKD and its variants have been proposed to overcome this challenge. However, most security proofs are complicated, a majority of which could only ensure security against collective attacks. Until now, the full and simple security proof can only be provided with asymptotic resource assumption. Here, we provide a composable finite-key analysis for coherent-state-based TF-QKD with rigorous security proof against general attacks. Furthermore, we develop the optimal statistical fluctuation analysis method to significantly improve secret key rate in high-loss regime. The results show that coherent-state-based TF-QKD is practical and feasible, with the potential to apply over nearly one thousand kilometers.
Abstract Twin-field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD) is a disruptive innovation which is able to overcome the rate-distance limit of QKD without trusted relays. Since the proposal of the first TF-QKD protocol, theoretical and experimental breakthroughs have been made to enhance its ability. However, there still exist some practical issues waiting for settlement. In this paper, we examine the performances of asymmetric TF-QKD protocol with unstable light sources and limited data sizes. The statistical fluctuations of the parameters are estimated employing Azuma’s inequality. Through numerical simulations, we compare the secret key rates of the asymmetric TF-QKD protocol with different data sizes and variant intensity fluctuation magnitudes. Our results demonstrate that both statistical and intensity fluctuations have significant impacts on the performance of asymmetric TF-QKD.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) can help two distant peers to share secret key bits, whose security is guaranteed by the law of physics. In practice, the secret key rate of a QKD protocol is always lowered with the increasing of channel distance, which severely limits the applications of QKD. Recently, twin-field (TF) QKD has been proposed and intensively studied, since it can beat the rate-distance limit and greatly increase the achievable distance of QKD. Remarkalebly, K. Maeda et. al. proposed a simple finite-key analysis for TF-QKD based on operator dominance condition. Although they showed that their method is sufficient to beat the rate-distance limit, their operator dominance condition is not general, i.e. it can be only applied in three decoy states scenarios, which implies that its key rate cannot be increased by introducing more decoy states, and also cannot reach the asymptotic bound even in case of preparing infinite decoy states and optical pulses. Here, to bridge this gap, we propose an improved finite-key analysis of TF-QKD through devising new operator dominance condition. We show that by adding the number of decoy states, the secret key rate can be furtherly improved and approach the asymptotic bound. Our theory can be directly used in TF-QKD experiment to obtain higher secret key rate. Our results can be directly used in experiments to obtain higher key rates.