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Physics of Fluids

Nonlinear stability of regular vortex polygons in a Bose–Einstein condensate

Elizaveta Markovna Artemova, Alexander Alexandrovich Kilin

Published Dec 1, 2021• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The problem of stability of rotating regular vortex N-gons (Thomson's configurations) in a Bose–Einstein condensate in a harmonic trap is considered. A reduction procedure on the level set of the momentum integral is proposed. The dependence of the velocity of rotation ω of vortex polygon about the center of the trap is obtained as a function of the number of vortices N and the radius of the configuration, R. The analysis of the orbital linear and nonlinear stability of the motion of such configurations is carried out. For N ⩽ 6, regions of orbital stability of configurations in the parameter space are constructed. It is shown that vortex N-gons for N>6 are unstable for any parameters of the system. In this paper, we study the stability of rotating regular vortex N-gons in a Bose–Einstein condensate in a harmonic trap. The analysis of the orbital linear and nonlinear stability of motion is carried out. The dependence of the stability of regular vortex N-gons on the number of vortices N and the parameters of the system is given.

DOI
10.1063/5.0070763

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The problem of stability of rotating regular vortex N-gons (Thomson's configurations) in a Bose–Einstein condensate in a harmonic trap is considered. A reduction procedure on the level set of the momentum integral is proposed. The dependence of the velocity of rotation ω of vortex polygon about the center of the trap is obtained as a function of the number of vortices N and the radius of the configuration, R. The analysis of the orbital linear and nonlinear stability of the motion of such configurations is carried out. For N ⩽ 6, regions of orbital stability of configurations in the parameter space are constructed. It is shown that vortex N-gons for N>6 are unstable for any parameters of the system. In this paper, we study the stability of rotating regular vortex N-gons in a Bose–Einstein condensate in a harmonic trap. The analysis of the orbital linear and nonlinear stability of motion is carried out. The dependence of the stability of regular vortex N-gons on the number of vortices N and the parameters of the system is given.
We consider the problem of the stability of rotating regular vortex N-gons (Thomson configurations) in a Bose-Einstein condensate in a harmonic trap. The dependence of the rotation velocity ω of the Thomson configuration around the center of the trap is obtained as a function of the number of vortices N and the radius of the configuration R. The analysis of the stability of motion of such configurations in the linear approximation is carried out. For N⩽6, regions of orbital stability of configurations in the parameter space are constructed. It is shown that vortex N-gons for N > 6 are unstable for any parameters of the system.
We study the stability of vortices in a binary system of Bose-Einstein condensat es, with their wave functions modeled by a set of coupled, time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equations. Beginning with an effective two-dimensional system, we identify miscible and immiscible regimes characterized by the inter- and intra-atomic interactions and the initial configuration of the system. We then consider a binary system of Bose-Einstein condensates placed in a rotating harmonic trap and study the single united vortex state in this system. We derive an approximate form for the energy of a single united vortex in the binary system and the critical angular velocity for the global stability of a vortex at the center of the trap. We also compute the metastability onset angular velocity for the local stability of a vortex at the center of the trap. Numerical solutions to the Gross-Pitaevskii equations support these expressions. These rotational results inform us of a novel bimodal formation within the miscible regime of the binary condensate system. We thus demonstrate the nontrivial aspects of vortex stability in interacting binary Bose-Einstein condensates as a result of their nonlinear interactions.
We consider a disk-shaped cold atom Bose-Einstein condensate with repulsive atom-atom interactions within a circular trap, described by a two-dimensional time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation with cubic nonlinearity and a circular box potential. In this setup, we discuss the existence of a type of stationary nonlinear waves with propagation-invariant density profiles, consisting of vortices located at the vertices of a regular polygon with or without an antivortex at its center. These polygons rotate around the center of the system and we provide approximate expressions for their angular velocity. For any size of the trap, we find a unique regular polygon solution that is static and is seemingly stable for long evolutions. It consists of a triangle of vortices with unit charge placed around a singly charged antivortex, with the size of the triangle fixed by the cancellation of competing effects on its rotation. There exist other geometries with discrete rotational symmetry that yield static solutions, even if they turn out to be unstable. By numerically integrating in real time the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, we compute the evolution of the vortex structures and discuss their stability and the fate of the instabilities that can unravel the regular polygon configurations. Such instabilities can be driven by the instability of the vortices themselves, by vortex-antivortex annihilation or by the eventual breaking of the symmetry due to the motion of the vortices.
Abstract We study three-dimensional vortex lattice structures in purely dipolar Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC). By using the mean-field approximation, we obtain a stability diagram for the vortex states in purely dipolar BECs as a function of harmonic trap aspect ratio ( λ ) and dipole–dipole interaction strength ( D ) under rotation. Rotating the condensate within the unstable region leads to collapse while in the stable region furnishes stable vortex lattices of dipolar BECs. We analyse stable vortex lattice structures by solving the three-dimensional time-dependent Gross–Pitaevskii equation in imaginary time. Further, the stability of vortex states is examined by evolution in real-time. We also investigate the distribution of vortices in a fully anisotropic trap by increasing eccentricity of the external trapping potential. We observe the breaking up of the condensate in two parts with an equal number of vortices on each when the trap is sufficiently weak, and the rotation frequency is high.
Vortex states of weakly interacting Bose-Einstein condensates confined in three-dimensional rotating harmonic traps are investigated numerically at zero temperature. The ground state in the rotating frame is obtained by propagating the Gross-Pitaevskii equation for the condensate in imaginary time. The total energies between states with and without a vortex are compared, yielding critical rotation frequencies that depend on the anisotropy of the trap and the number of atoms. Vortices displaced from the center of nonrotating traps are found to have long lifetimes for sufficiently large numbers of atoms. The relationship between vortex stability and bound core states is explored.