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AIP conference proceedings

Practical Quantum Communication and Cryptography for WDM Optical Networks

Prem Kumar

Published Jan 1, 2004• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Keeping in mind the ubiquitous standard optical fiber for long‐distance transmission and the widespread availability of efficient active and passive fiber devices, we have been developing telecom‐band resources for practical quantum communication and cryptography in wave‐division‐multiplexed (WDM) optical networks. In this talk I present our recent results on two fronts: i) telecom‐band in‐fiber entanglement generation, storage, and long‐distance distribution and ii) quantum‐noise protected high‐speed data encryption through an optically‐amplified WDM line. Along the first front, with our in‐fiber entanglement source all four Bell states can be readily produced and we have demonstrated violation of Bell’s inequalities by up to 10 standard deviations of measurement uncertainty. With such a source we have demonstrated storage of entanglement for up to 1/8 of a millisecond. Furthermore, when each photon of the entangled pair is propagated in separate 25km‐long standard fibers, high visibility quantum interference is still observed, demonstrating that this system is capable of long‐distance (> 50 km) entanglement distribution. Along the second front, we have implemented a new quantum cryptographic scheme, based on Yuen’s KCQ protocol, in which the inherent quantum noise of coherent states of light is used to perform the cryptographic service of data encryption. In this scheme a legitimate receiver, with use of a short, shared, secret‐key, executes a simple binary decision rule on every transmitted bit. An eavesdropper, on the other hand, who does not possess the secret‐key, is subjected to an irreducible quantum uncertainty in each measurement, even with the use of ideal detectors. We have implemented this scheme to demonstrate quantum‐noise‐protected data encryption at 650 Mbps through a 200 km, in‐line amplified, WDM line. The line simultaneously carried two 10 Gbps standard data channels, 100 GHz on either side of the encrypted channel, which shows that this scheme is compatible with the widely deployed WDM fiber‐optic infrastructure.

DOI
10.1063/1.1834371

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Keeping in mind the ubiquitous standard optical fiber for long‐distance transmission and the widespread availability of efficient active and passive fiber devices, we have been developing telecom‐band resources for practical quantum communication and cryptography in wave‐division‐multiplexed (WDM) optical networks. In this talk I present our recent results on two fronts: i) telecom‐band in‐fiber entanglement generation, storage, and long‐distance distribution and ii) quantum‐noise protected high‐speed data encryption through an optically‐amplified WDM line. Along the first front, with our in‐fiber entanglement source all four Bell states can be readily produced and we have demonstrated violation of Bell’s inequalities by up to 10 standard deviations of measurement uncertainty. With such a source we have demonstrated storage of entanglement for up to 1/8 of a millisecond. Furthermore, when each photon of the entangled pair is propagated in separate 25km‐long standard fibers, high visibility quantum interference is still observed, demonstrating that this system is capable of long‐distance (> 50 km) entanglement distribution. Along the second front, we have implemented a new quantum cryptographic scheme, based on Yuen’s KCQ protocol, in which the inherent quantum noise of coherent states of light is used to perform the cryptographic service of data encryption. In this scheme a legitimate receiver, with use of a short, shared, secret‐key, executes a simple binary decision rule on every transmitted bit. An eavesdropper, on the other hand, who does not possess the secret‐key, is subjected to an irreducible quantum uncertainty in each measurement, even with the use of ideal detectors. We have implemented this scheme to demonstrate quantum‐noise‐protected data encryption at 650 Mbps through a 200 km, in‐line amplified, WDM line. The line simultaneously carried two 10 Gbps standard data channels, 100 GHz on either side of the encrypted channel, which shows that this scheme is compatible with the widely deployed WDM fiber‐optic infrastructure.
We demonstrate quantum-noise protected data encryption over a 200km-long inline optically-amplified fiber line at 650Mbps rate using off-the-shelf components. In contrast to our previous implementation, this demonstration uses phase-encoded coherent states, resulting in a polarization independent system that is compatible with the existing WDM infrastructure. Security calculations are presented for individual attacks on both the encrypted data as well as the secret key. This demonstration paves the way for widespread deployment of quantum cryptography in WDM networks.
We demonstrate high-rate randomized data-encryption through optical fibers using the inherent quantum-measurement noise of coherent states of light. Specifically, we demonstrate 650Mbit∕s650\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{Mbit}∕\mathrm{s}650Mbit∕s data encryption through a 10Gbit∕s10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{Gbit}∕\mathrm{s}10Gbit∕s data-bearing, in-line amplified 200-km-long line. In our protocol, legitimate users (who share a short secret key) communicate using an MMM-ry signal set while an attacker (who does not share the secret key) is forced to contend with the fundamental and irreducible quantum-measurement noise of coherent states. Implementations of our protocol using both polarization-encoded signal sets as well as polarization-insensitive phase-keyed signal sets are experimentally and theoretically evaluated. Different from the performance criteria for the cryptographic objective of key generation (quantum key-generation), one possible set of performance criteria for the cryptographic objective of data encryption is established and carefully considered.