Finite-size vortex lattice in a rotating superfluid liquid

Sadhan K. Adhikari

Wen Wen, Lu Zhou, Zhenjun Zhang +1 more

Sálvio Jacob Bereta, Lucas Madeira, M. A. Caracanhas +2 more

We present a classical field simulation study of the thermal melting of a two-dimensional vortex lattice in a rotating Bose gas, focusing on the role of finite-size effects on the melting temperature. This work constitutes a numerical continuation of the recent experimental investigation reported in [Physical Review Letters 133, 143401 (2024)], which addressed the thermal melting of a vortex lattice in a quasi-two-dimensional Bose gas. Using the stochastic projected Gross-Pitaevskii equation in a harmonic plus quartic trap, we simulate the finite-temperature equilibrium state and extract vortex configurations from density snapshots. Clear signatures of the two-step Kosterlitz--Thouless--Halperin--Nelson--Young melting scenario are identified. Our simulations enable a detailed characterization of the crystalline, hexatic, and liquid phases through correlation functions quantifying the translational and orientational order and through defect statistics. Finite-size effects are shown to play a crucial role at lower rotation frequencies, affecting the proliferation of lattice defects.

Edouard B Sonin

Tyler W. Neely, Guillaume Gauthier, Matthew T. Reeves +7 more

Sálvio Jacob Bereta, Lucas Madeira, M. A. Caracanhas +2 more

Abstract We present a classical field simulation study of the thermal melting of a two-dimensional (2D) vortex lattice in a rotating Bose gas, focusing on the role of finite-size effects on the melting temperature. This work constitutes a numerical continuation of the recent experimental investigation reported in (Sharma 2024 Phys. Rev. Lett. 133 143401), which addressed the thermal melting of a vortex lattice in a quasi-2D Bose gas. Using the stochastic projected Gross–Pitaevskii equation in a harmonic plus quartic trap, we simulate the finite-temperature equilibrium state and extract vortex configurations from density snapshots. Clear signatures of the two-step Kosterlitz–Thouless–Halperin–Nelson–Young melting scenario are identified. Our simulations enable a detailed characterization of the crystalline, hexatic, and liquid phases through correlation functions quantifying the translational and orientational order and through defect statistics. Finite-size effects are shown to play a crucial role at lower rotation frequencies, affecting the proliferation of lattice defects.