In Internet of Things (IoT), a massive amount of sensitive data is generated and transmitted by IoT devices. Security risks represent a major concern in IoT, especially when using innovative techniques such as Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) technique, where users can access other users’ data. In fact, in NOMA-based IoT systems, communication is not only threatened by external eavesdroppers, but also by untrusted internal users. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt an encryption technique that guarantees IoT system communications. This paper presents a comparative study of secret key generation, where performance analysis of secure NOMA-enabled IoT network in the presence of untrusted users is detailed using different PLS key generation schemes.
In Internet of Things (IoT), a massive amount of sensitive data is generated and transmitted by IoT devices. Security risks represent a major concern in IoT, especially when using innovative techniques such as Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) technique, where users can access other users’ data. In fact, in NOMA-based IoT systems, communication is not only threatened by external eavesdroppers, but also by untrusted internal users. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt an encryption technique that guarantees IoT system communications. This paper presents a comparative study of secret key generation, where performance analysis of secure NOMA-enabled IoT network in the presence of untrusted users is detailed using different PLS key generation schemes.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to provide ubiquitous wireless machine-type communication devices and extensive information collection, resulting in an unprecedented amount of privacy and secrets exposed to the radio space. Security issues become a major restriction on the further development of IoT. However, secure transmissions in IoT are challenged by low complexity limitation and massive connectivity demand, especially by the use of short packets, which are expected to satisfy the delay requirement in ultra-reliable low-latency communications. Physical layer security can be employed without the constraints of packet length and number of connections. Nevertheless, due to the limitations of complexity, not all existing PLS techniques can be adopted in IoT. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a promising technique for increasing connectivity and reducing delay. Assuming an eavesdropper (Eve) is capable of the same detection capability as legitimate users, this article further exploits the inherent characteristics of NOMA to secure short-packet communications in IoT networks without introducing extra security mechanisms. Both downlink and uplink NOMA schemes are introduced to secure transmission by deliberately increasing the co-channel interference at Eve, which can be viewed as a special cooperative jamming strategy. Simulations show that in both uplink and downlink, although secrecy performance deteriorates in short-packet communications, the performance gains of NOMA over traditional orthogonal multiple access are significant. Finally, we analyze the challenges and future trends in this emerging area.
With the advent of Internet of Things (IoT) systems, privacy and integrity of messages are becoming critical issues and are threatened, especially with mobile sensors. The broadcast nature of wireless communications increase information leakage in the presence of eavesdroppers. This paper proposes a hybrid Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA)/Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA)- based IoT systems to improve the data transmission security of moving sensors. We derive the Key Agreement Probability (KAP) expression of the proposed scheme, and we investigate the corresponding Secrecy Outage Probability (SOP) and the Average Bit Rate (ABR), when compared to pure NOMA and pure OMA transmission schemes. Simulation results are used to validate the derived expression and to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme in terms of KAP, SOP, and ABR.
The growth of internet-of-things (IoT) inspired use cases in different run of the mill environments such as cities, industries, healthcare, agriculture, and transportation, has led to a greater desire for safer IoT data gathering and storage. However, securing IoT is challenging due to form-factor, complexity, energy, and connectivity limitations. Conventional coding-based security techniques are unsuitable for ultra-reliable low-latency and energy-efficient communication in IoT. Numerous research studies on physical layer security (PLS) techniques for fifth generation (5G) have emerged recently, but not all of the solutions can be used in IoT networks due to complexity limitations. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is billed as a possible technology to solve connectivity and latency requirements in IoT. In this study, we exploit the power allocation characteristics of NOMA to enhance security in a downlink deviceto-device (D2D) decode and forward (DF) IoT network infiltrated by an eavesdropper. Our performance metric of choice is the secrecy outage probability (SOP). We formulate exact SOP results for different users. Simulation results demonstrate the positive impact of NOMA on SOP in a D2D IoT-NOMA network.
This paper investigates physical layer security (PLS) of uplink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in Internet of Things (IoT) networks, where two devices transmit secret information to base station or access point simultaneously under the intercepting of an eavesdropper (Eve). The new closed-form expressions of joint connection outage probability (JCOP), joint secrecy outage probability (JSOP) and sum secrecy throughput (SST) are derived over Nakagami-m fading channels to indicate the impact of parameters, i.e., transmit power and codeword rates, on secrecy performance. Simulation results are obtained to verify our analysis and allow an easy design of transmit power and wiretap code rates which maximizes the SST.
Abstract Internet of Things (IoT) technology has recently been adopted in different fields and applications. An IoT network allows for a large set of physical objects (or devices) with various technologies to work together and exchange a large amount of information. This, however, raises different security and privacy concerns, including the confidentiality of the exchanged data. Usually, data confidentiality is maintained in wireless networks utilizing data encryption using a pre‐shared secret key. Thus, protecting the key distribution process is essential to maintaining a secure network. However, due to the typically large size of IoT networks, conventional secret key distribution schemes are unsuitable and lead to resource inefficiency. Therefore, in this paper, an efficient key distribution scheme is proposed by using physical‐layer security concepts. Specifically, non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is utilized to distribute the key to multiple nodes in a resource‐efficient manner. Moreover, the instantaneous channel phase is also used to attain a secure distribution in which each node can obtain its own key only. The performance of the proposed scheme is analyzed in terms of the key error rate at both a legitimate node and an eavesdropper under different channel fading models, where closed form mathematical expressions are derived and verified via simulation results.
The increasing demands for Internet of things (IoT) applications and the tremendous increase in the volume of IoT generated data bring novel challenges for the fifth generation (5G) network. Verticals such as e-Health, vehicle to everything (V2X) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) require solutions that can guarantee low latency, energy efficiency,massive connectivity, and high reliability. In particular, finding strong security mechanisms that satisfy the above is of central importance for bringing the IoT to life. \nIn this regards, employing physical layer security (PLS) methods could be greatly beneficial for IoT networks. While current security solutions rely on computational complexity, PLS is based on information theoretic proofs. By removing the need for computational power, PLS is ideally suited for resource constrained devices. In detail, PLS can ensure security using the inherit randomness already present in the physical channel. Promising schemes from the physical layer include physical unclonable functions (PUFs), which are seen as the hardware fingerprint of a device, and secret key generation (SKG) from wireless fading coefficients, which provide the wireless fingerprint of the communication channel between devices. \nThe present thesis develops several PLS-based techniques that pave the way for a new breed of latency-aware, lightweight, security protocols. In particular, the work proposes: i) a fast multi-factor authentication solution with verified security properties based on PUFs, proximity detection and SKG; ii) an authenticated encryption SKG approach that interweaves data transmission and key generation; and, iii) a set of countermeasures to man-in-the-middle and jamming attacks. Overall, PLS solutions show promising performance, especially in the context of IoT applications, therefore, the advances in this thesis should be considered for beyond-5G networks.