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Physical Science & Biophysics Journal

Quantum Entanglement Results from Quantum State Transition at Fast-Than-Light Speed with Matter Wave’s Phase Velocity

Wang Xinye

Published Jul 20, 2021• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The quantum entanglement, that violates the local realism and other classical physics theories, leads to various counterintuitive phenomena, is a primary feature of quantum mechanics and probably results from the quantum state’s conservation and the quantum state’s transition with the matter wave’s phase velocity at the fast-than-light speed. The quantum state transition of entangled particles proceeds with the phase velocity, while the observer measures the process with the electromagnetic or the light speed. This speed difference makes the causality law no longer fully valid everywhere except in certain areas.

DOI
10.23880/psbj-16000179

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The quantum entanglement, that violates the local realism and other classical physics theories, leads to various counterintuitive phenomena, is a primary feature of quantum mechanics and probably results from the quantum state’s conservation and the quantum state’s transition with the matter wave’s phase velocity at the fast-than-light speed. The quantum state transition of entangled particles proceeds with the phase velocity, while the observer measures the process with the electromagnetic or the light speed. This speed difference makes the causality law no longer fully valid everywhere except in certain areas.
Quantum entanglement is a primary feature of quantum mechanics and probably results from the quantum state's conservation and the quantum state's transition with the matter wave's phase velocity at the fast-than-light speed. The quantum state transition of entangled particles proceeds with the phase velocity, while the observer measures the process with the electromagnetic or the light speed. This speed difference makes the causality law no longer fully valid except in certain areas
Two statements in physics are frequently conflated: that nothing can travel faster than light, and that two entangled particles behave as if "instantaneously" connected regardless of their separation. This paper addresses both questions together: whether a faster-than-light particle could exist and, if so, whether it would count as matter; and whether quantum entanglement actually violates the light-speed limit. Starting from the energy–velocity relation of special relativity, it is shown that massive particles cannot reach the speed of light, and the properties of hypothetical tachyons (imaginary mass, absence of a rest frame and violation of causality) are examined. Using the singlet state, the non-separability, reduced state and correlation properties of entanglement are derived, and the quantum violation of the CHSH inequality up to 2√2 is computed. Finally, via the no-signaling theorem, it is shown that entanglement produces non-local correlations without permitting superluminal communication. In conclusion, nature accommodates non-local correlations without allowing any object to travel faster than light.
A quantum entangled state is a quantum superposition state. The principle of quantum superposition, and therefore the existence of quantum entanglement, is contingent upon the validity of quantum theory. Thus, the generation of quantum entanglement requires that interactions occur between small-mass particles localized in a confined spatial region, resulting in each particle’s quantum state being a bound state. In other words, the prerequisite for the validity of quantum theory must be satisfied. At the same time, conserved quantities must exist between quantum superposition states, as only quantum states with conserved quantities can undergo superposition, allowing the particle system to generate quantum entangled states. Quantum entangled states can occur between electrons within an atom, between atoms, between molecules, or between atoms and molecules. Within the atomic nucleus, quantum entanglement can exist among protons, neutrons, and the quarks. In superconductivity, superfluidity, and Bose-Einstein condensation, they manifest as macroscopic quantum entanglement, which respectively come from the statistical results of a large amount of microscopic quantum entanglement between electrons, atoms or molecules. For massive macroscopic objects, they exhibit classical properties that cannot be described by quantum theory, and the principle of quantum superposition does not hold. Therefore, no entangled state is generated. It should be particularly emphasized that even for microscopic particle systems, if they exist in a large spatial region, they cannot be described by quantum theory. In such cases, the quantum superposition principle does not hold, and quantum entanglement phenomena do not exist. Therefore, within a large spatial region, multi-electron, multi-photon, and other microscopic systems do not have quantum entangled states; under certain conditions, quantum correlated states can be generated. Consequently, in a large spatial region, the mainstream viewpoints about non-locality—such as the so-called instantaneous collapse of entangled particles during measurement, infinite propagation speed, and the “spooky action at a distance”—are all incorrect. In experiments related to quantum communication and the verification of Bell’s inequality, the quantum states used are quantum correlated states rather than quantum entangled states. Regardless of whether the systems are microscopic or macroscopic, phenomena occurring in a large spatial region must adhere to the principles of causality, realism, and locality. In other words, Einstein’s viewpoint is correct.
The velocity is a macroscopic concept. The question what is the meaning of velocity in Quantum Mechanics( QM) ,this problem itself is inno answersituation. In the semi-classical theory,for the reconstruction of the velocity definition,we have v→= ▽S / m[m is the particle's mass and ψ = Aexp( j S /h) ]. This method builds the relation of velocity and wave function,but it is not the necessary and useful concept of wave's speed. The velocity of light in vacuum is a common basic constant of physics,however QM also need this parameter obviously,i. e. the new wave mechanics is on need of this physical quantity.The process and result of people's practice show that,scientist has intended to bring forth in the measurement of c with very high accuracy does stand out,if he used the scalar equation c = fλ. Modern physics maintain that the wave velocities( phase velocityvp、group velocity vg) are scalars,not vectors.The wave has its special scientific features; the regular pattern is different from the Classical Mechanics( CM). It needs supports of the QM,but it is not identical with the serious QM. Now,it has not only a theory that can explain the wave problems perfectly,so it is support by the classical physics and quantum physics.The quantization process of EM fields explains the particle-wave duality mathematically. Post quantization,from the EM fields we obtained the photons. But scientist still is puzzled by a difficult question:what is photon. As the common knowledge,the matter waves of photon still a paradox in physics. In addition,the electronic probability waves corresponding the Schrdinger equation,but people says the photonic probability waves have not that wave equation. In other words,the physical meanings of matter wave's phase velocity are not clear,and why the phase velocity of de Broglie waves is faster-than-light,many explanations will be needed.Many instances similar to these examples make the particle-wave duality still the magic ghost in modern physics. Finally,the study on negative wave velocity( NWV) in recent years has a great deal of experience on wave sciences,and bring the new chance on theoretical thinking.