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International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz)

Reconfigurable physical unclonable functions in infrared wavebands base on VO2 phase transition nanomaterials

Zaixin Gan, Feiliang Chen, Qian Li, Mo Li, Jian Zhang, Qiwu Shi, Wanxia Huang

Published Aug 29, 2021• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Optical physical unclonable function (PUF) is one of the most promising hardware security solutions which have been proven to be hardened against machine learning attack. However, the disordered structures of traditional optical PUFs are usually determined after manufacturing. Here, VO2phase transition nanomaterials are proposed to construct reconfigurable PUFs in infrared, giving a promising way to enlarge the key space and code capacity of optical PUF.

DOI
10.1109/irmmw-thz50926.2021.9566819

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Optical physical unclonable function (PUF) is one of the most promising hardware security solutions which have been proven to be hardened against machine learning attack. However, the disordered structures of traditional optical PUFs are usually determined after manufacturing. Here, VO2phase transition nanomaterials are proposed to construct reconfigurable PUFs in infrared, giving a promising way to enlarge the key space and code capacity of optical PUF.
In high-throughput network security applications, physical unclonable functions (PUFs) employing fixed mapping mechanisms are vulnerable to machine learning attacks. Reconfigurable PUFs can improve security by altering their mapping states, but often face constraints of limited reconfigurability, irreversible controllability, or high hardware overhead. Here, reversible and reconfigurable optical PUFs, 2RO-PUFs, were developed by two-beam manipulation of photothermal-sensitive scatterers with a precisely controllable phase transition. Experimental results verify that the programmed scatters and resultant speckle patterns exhibit deterministic and repeatable reconfigurability while maintaining cryptographic robustness. As demonstrated in a novel Internet of Things framework, the introduction of optically controlled speckle formation into PUFs frameworks enhances cryptographic security and flexibility while alleviating storage and computational overhead.
Disordered photonic structures are promising materials for the realization of physical unclonable functions (PUF), physical objects that can overcome the limitations of conventional digital security methods and that enable cryptographic protocols immune against attacks by future quantum computers. One PUF limitation, so far, has been that their physical configuration is either fixed or can only be permanently modified, and hence allowing only one token per device. We show that it is possible to overcome this limitation by creating a reconfigurable structure made by light-transformable polymers, in which the physical structure of the unclonable function itself can be reversibly reconfigured. We term this novel concept Hyper PUF or HPUF in that it allows a large number of physical unclonable functions to co-exist simultaneously within one and the same device. The physical transformation of the structure is done all-optically in a reversible and spatially controlled fashion. Our novel technology provides a massive enhancement in security generating more complex keys containing a larger amount of information. At the same time, it allows for new applications, for example serving multiple clients on a single encryption device and the practical implementation of quantum secure authentication of data.
Physical unclonable functions (PUFs), physical objects that are practically unclonable because of their andom and uncontrollable manufacturing variations, are becoming increasingly popular as security primitives and unique identifiers in a fully digitized world. One of the central PUF premises states that both friends and foes, both legitimate manufacturers and external attackers alike, cannot clone a PUF, producing two instances that are the same. Using the latest nanofabrication techniques, we show that this premise is not always met: We demonstrate the possibility of effective PUF duplication through sophisticated manufacturers by producing 63 copies of a non-trivial optical scattering structure which exhibit essentially the same scattering behavior. The remaining minuscule differences are close to or below noise levels, whence the duplicates have to be considered fully equivalent from a PUF perspective. The possibility for manufacturer-based optical PUF duplication has positive and negative consequences at the same time: While fully breaking the security of certain schemes, it enables new applications, too. For example, it facilitates unforgeable labels for valuable items; the first key-free group identification schemes over digital networks; or new types of encryption/decryption devices that do not contain secret keys.
The rapid proliferation of IoT devices has heightened the demand for efficient security solutions. Optical physical unclonable functions (O-PUFs) present a promising alternative due to their intrinsic strong physical randomness and unclonability. However, conventional O-PUFs are restricted by fixed configurations, leading to limited key generation capacity. This work proposes a multi-level modulated O-PUF key generation scheme. For phase-encoded challenges, the proposed scheme introduces a diffuser to distort the wavefront and enhance modulation sensitivity. Dynamic modulation is realized by the rotation and translation of the O-PUF and the adjustment of a half-wave plate and a linear polarizer. A key generation system with ZnO-particle-embedded O-PUF is demonstrated, and a simulated annealing algorithm is introduced to optimize phase encoding for enhanced response randomness. A logistic regression-based matched filter is designed to improve the entropy of initial keys, and a fuzzy extractor enables the generation of a reliable, unique, large-capacity cryptographic key. This work advances optical PUF key generation and provides a robust foundation for cryptographic security.