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Fast in-situ absorption imaging of the local density of ultra-cold atoms in an optical lattice using an imaging lattice

Romain Veyron, Jean-Baptiste Gérent, Vincent Mançois, Guillaume Baclet, Philippe Bouyer, Simon Bernon

Published Jul 6, 2021• 0 citations
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Cold atoms are a quantum system well-isolated from the environment. Since the 80s, they have been used to make high-sensitivity atomic sensors and to deepen the understanding of quantum physics phenomena. At low temperatures, degenerate atomic gas regimes can be reached. They are characterized by a macroscopic quantum state that can be manipulated and controlled by lasers. Placing such atomic wave function in optical lattices provide a way to study the dynamics of complex many-body systems. In this context, diffraction-limited quantum gas microscopes have emerged as standard tools to probe such complex systems and to measure atomic density correlations between lattice sites. By further reducing the optical lattices dimensions, the energy scales are strongly enhanced and favor novel quantum phases. Such reduction of optical lattice dimensions requires novel trapping and imaging techniques to manipulate cold-atoms with subwavelength spatial resolutions.In this PhD thesis, we experimentally perform subwavelength imaging of ultra-cold atoms of Rubidium 87 using a dressed excited state method, initially proposed for generating subwavelength trapping potentials. The measurement are performed using in situ absorption imaging. A quantitative comparison of data and theory lead us to reinterprete and modify a method for atom number calibrations that is commonly used in the community. This reinterpretation requires a fine understanding of the interaction of a single quantum multi-level system and a coherent saturating field. The measurement of the in situ transmission of a coherent probe shows a linear reduction of the single-atom scattering cross-section with the optical density for which we propose a physical interpretation and a model. Once calibrated, we use our subwavelength imaging method that reaches down to 20 nm resolution in a few microseconds to super-resolve a tiny quantum object : the longitudinal wave function of a BEC in a very tight lattice.

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Cold atoms are a quantum system well-isolated from the environment. Since the 80s, they have been used to make high-sensitivity atomic sensors and to deepen the understanding of quantum physics phenomena. At low temperatures, degenerate atomic gas regimes can be reached. They are characterized by a macroscopic quantum state that can be manipulated and controlled by lasers. Placing such atomic wave function in optical lattices provide a way to study the dynamics of complex many-body systems. In this context, diffraction-limited quantum gas microscopes have emerged as standard tools to probe such complex systems and to measure atomic density correlations between lattice sites. By further reducing the optical lattices dimensions, the energy scales are strongly enhanced and favor novel quantum phases. Such reduction of optical lattice dimensions requires novel trapping and imaging techniques to manipulate cold-atoms with subwavelength spatial resolutions.In this PhD thesis, we experimentally perform subwavelength imaging of ultra-cold atoms of Rubidium 87 using a dressed excited state method, initially proposed for generating subwavelength trapping potentials. The measurement are performed using in situ absorption imaging. A quantitative comparison of data and theory lead us to reinterprete and modify a method for atom number calibrations that is commonly used in the community. This reinterpretation requires a fine understanding of the interaction of a single quantum multi-level system and a coherent saturating field. The measurement of the in situ transmission of a coherent probe shows a linear reduction of the single-atom scattering cross-section with the optical density for which we propose a physical interpretation and a model. Once calibrated, we use our subwavelength imaging method that reaches down to 20 nm resolution in a few microseconds to super-resolve a tiny quantum object : the longitudinal wave function of a BEC in a very tight lattice.
Absorption imaging with quasi-resonant laser light is a commonly used technique for probing ultra-cold atomic gases in various geometries. In this paper, we investigate some non-trivial aspects of this method when applying the method to in situ diagnosis of a quasi-two-dimensional (2D) gas. Using Monte Carlo simulations we study the modification of the absorption cross-section of a photon when it undergoes multiple scattering in the gas. We determine the variations of the optical density with various parameters, such as the detuning of the light from the atomic resonance and the thickness of the gas. We compare our results to the known 3D result (the Beer–Lambert law) and outline the specific features of the 2D case.