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A dipolar erbium quantum gas microscope

Anne Hébert

Published May 12, 2021• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Quantum gas microscopy is an exciting platform for the study ofin situatom-atom interactions.Erbium, a dipolar atom, presents an opportunity to extend previous quantum gas microscopy ex-periments to more complex systems influenced by long-range, anisotropic interactions. In this the-sis, I present progress towards a quantum gas microscope of erbium atoms, including details on thedesign of a novel accordion lattice system. This system will allow us to dynamically tune the spac-ing of both the vertical and horizontal optical lattices confining the atoms. In addition, I present onthe sub-second generation of erbium Bose-Einstein condensates, made possible by implementing atwo-stage magneto-optical trap and a crossed optical dipole trap with a tunable geometry.

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Erbium quantum gas microscope

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Quantum gas microscopy of dipolar atoms is a promising opportunity to expand upon previous quantum simulations of neutral atoms in optical lattices. Erbium atoms interact via the long-range magnetic dipole-dipole interaction, which leads to a variety of new many-body effects and strongly correlated phases that are currently unexplored in microscopes with only short-range interactions. In this thesis I will detail progress toward the construction of an erbium quantum gas microscope as well as the techniques we implemented to produce a Bose-Einstein condensate of $8\times10^4$ atoms in under a second. These include the installation of a dual-stage magneto-optical trap, a stroboscopic optical dipole trap, as well as a tunable crossed optical dipole trap that allows for efficient evaporation of both bosonic and fermionic isotopes. I will also discuss the frequency stabilization systems we have implemented to produce laser linewidths of less than $1$ kHz for near-resonant laser cooling on narrow transitions and a custom, high NA reflective objective to be used as part of a high resolution imaging system. Finally, I will discuss the noise properties of charge-coupled devices and the photon counting techniques that are needed for having high fidelities while using fast imaging schemes.

•Jan 20, 2021•1 citation

A dipolar quantum gas microscope

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Quantum gas microscopy provides an exciting platform for the study of in situ atom-atom interactions. Recent advances in quantum gas microscopy have allowed the probing of the Bose-Hubbard and Fermi-Hubbard Hamiltonian with a variety of atomic species. In this thesis, we are currently extending these platforms with the introduction of an Erbium Dipolar Quantum Gas Microscope which will allow us to study dipole-dipole interactions in a lattice. Erbium has several exciting properties, which increase the control and flexibility of these systems. These include stable bosonic and fermionic isotopes, a large magnetic dipole moment (7uB), a large spin value (J=6 and F=19/2 for bosonic and fermionic isotopes), a rich Feshbach spectrum, and several useful broad and narrow atomic transitions. A broad 401 nm transition can be used for imaging, which in combination with a 266 nm lattice spacing will provide fast time scales and access to a dipole-dipole interaction of approximately 30 Hz. This thesis will document the progress toward an Erbium Quantum Gas Microscope and include a variety of systems which have been developed. It will also show the first ever 841nm, red-detuned Magneto-Optical Trap with temperatures as low as 400 nK and a phase space density up to 0.05. This, in combination with other improvements, will allow for faster cycle times and more control over the system. These developments will allow us to benefit from the long-range interaction of Erbium and probe the Extended Bose-Hubbard and Extended Fermi-Hubbard Hamiltonian to an unprecedented degree.

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Long-range interactions are important to complex physical systems. Specifically in quantum mechanical many-body systems, long-range interactions promote spatial structures, give rise to quantum frustration, and generate quantum entanglement. Nevertheless, quantum simulations of lattice systems have largely not been able to realize long-range interactions. Many efforts are underway to explore long-range interacting lattice systems using polar molecules, Rydberg atoms, and magnetic atoms. In this thesis, I present the realization of long-range interacting itinerant systems using magnetic erbium atoms. I start by discussing the construction of the Erbium quantum gas microscope, including the installation of an in-vacuum high-numerical-aperture objective, various optical lattices, and potential projection through the objective. Then, I present emerging quantum phases with half-filling and directly probe the spatial structures of dipolar quantum solids using site-resolved imaging. A kaleidoscope of phases emerges as we tune the dipolar interaction, demonstrating the great tunability of this experimental platform. The dipolar interactions can be tuned slowly to study first-order quantum phase transitions between different solids. Next, I discuss topological phases that emerge with unity filling. With a zoo of Fano-Feshbach resonances, erbium atoms are gifted with the flexibility of widely tunable on-site interaction, allowing continuous probing of the quantum phase transitions between topologically trivial and non-trivial phases. We explore average symmetry protected topological phases as an instance of the mixed state quantum order. Finally, I briefly discuss the observation of spin squeezing with itinerant systems and super- and sub-radiance in a sub-wavelength optical lattice.

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A PURELY DIPOLAR QUANTUM GAS

Thierry Lahaye, J. METZ, T. KOCH +3 more

We report on experiments exploring the physics of dipolar quantum gases using a Chromium Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). By means of a Feshbach resonance, it is possible to reduce the effects of short range interactions and reach a regime where the physics is governed by the long-range, anisotropic dipole-dipole interaction between the large ($6 μ_{\rm B}$) magnetic moments of Chromium atoms. Several dramatic effects of the dipolar interaction are observed: the usual inversion of ellipticity of the condensate during time-of flight is inhibited, the stability of the dipolar gas depends strongly on the trap geometry, and the explosion following the collapse of an unstable dipolar condensate displays d-wave like features.

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Bojeong Seo, Ziting Chen, Yeeming Tso +4 more

Recently Lanthanide atoms such as dysprosium and erbium have attracted significant attention in quantum simulation with ultracold atoms due to their large magnetic moment and meta-stable excited states. Here, we present our on-going efforts for developing a versatile erbium apparatus in which various exotic states of matter, such as quantum droplets, can be emulated. Slow erbium atoms generated by a spin-flip Zeeman slower are trapped by a magneto-optical trap (MOT). We implement a bi-chromatic MOT, consisting of singlet (4f 126s 2 3H6 → 4f 12( 3H6)6s6p( 1P1)) and triplet (4f 126s 2 3H6 → 4f 12( 3H6)6s6p( 3P1)) transitions, which increases the repetition rate of experiment. We will discuss experimental details that produce a degenerate quantum gas of erbium atoms in the apparatus.

Bulletin of the American Physical Society•May 30, 2019•0 citations
Quantum gas microscopy is an exciting platform for the study ofin situatom-atom interactions.Erbium, a dipolar atom, presents an opportunity to extend previous quantum gas microscopy ex-periments to more complex systems influenced by long-range, anisotropic interactions. In this the-sis, I present progress towards a quantum gas microscope of erbium atoms, including details on thedesign of a novel accordion lattice system. This system will allow us to dynamically tune the spac-ing of both the vertical and horizontal optical lattices confining the atoms. In addition, I present onthe sub-second generation of erbium Bose-Einstein condensates, made possible by implementing atwo-stage magneto-optical trap and a crossed optical dipole trap with a tunable geometry.
Quantum gas microscopy of dipolar atoms is a promising opportunity to expand upon previous quantum simulations of neutral atoms in optical lattices. Erbium atoms interact via the long-range magnetic dipole-dipole interaction, which leads to a variety of new many-body effects and strongly correlated phases that are currently unexplored in microscopes with only short-range interactions. In this thesis I will detail progress toward the construction of an erbium quantum gas microscope as well as the techniques we implemented to produce a Bose-Einstein condensate of 8×1048\times10^48×104 atoms in under a second. These include the installation of a dual-stage magneto-optical trap, a stroboscopic optical dipole trap, as well as a tunable crossed optical dipole trap that allows for efficient evaporation of both bosonic and fermionic isotopes. I will also discuss the frequency stabilization systems we have implemented to produce laser linewidths of less than 111 kHz for near-resonant laser cooling on narrow transitions and a custom, high NA reflective objective to be used as part of a high resolution imaging system. Finally, I will discuss the noise properties of charge-coupled devices and the photon counting techniques that are needed for having high fidelities while using fast imaging schemes.
Quantum gas microscopy provides an exciting platform for the study of in situ atom-atom interactions. Recent advances in quantum gas microscopy have allowed the probing of the Bose-Hubbard and Fermi-Hubbard Hamiltonian with a variety of atomic species. In this thesis, we are currently extending these platforms with the introduction of an Erbium Dipolar Quantum Gas Microscope which will allow us to study dipole-dipole interactions in a lattice. Erbium has several exciting properties, which increase the control and flexibility of these systems. These include stable bosonic and fermionic isotopes, a large magnetic dipole moment (7uB), a large spin value (J=6 and F=19/2 for bosonic and fermionic isotopes), a rich Feshbach spectrum, and several useful broad and narrow atomic transitions. A broad 401 nm transition can be used for imaging, which in combination with a 266 nm lattice spacing will provide fast time scales and access to a dipole-dipole interaction of approximately 30 Hz. This thesis will document the progress toward an Erbium Quantum Gas Microscope and include a variety of systems which have been developed. It will also show the first ever 841nm, red-detuned Magneto-Optical Trap with temperatures as low as 400 nK and a phase space density up to 0.05. This, in combination with other improvements, will allow for faster cycle times and more control over the system. These developments will allow us to benefit from the long-range interaction of Erbium and probe the Extended Bose-Hubbard and Extended Fermi-Hubbard Hamiltonian to an unprecedented degree.
Long-range interactions are important to complex physical systems. Specifically in quantum mechanical many-body systems, long-range interactions promote spatial structures, give rise to quantum frustration, and generate quantum entanglement. Nevertheless, quantum simulations of lattice systems have largely not been able to realize long-range interactions. Many efforts are underway to explore long-range interacting lattice systems using polar molecules, Rydberg atoms, and magnetic atoms. In this thesis, I present the realization of long-range interacting itinerant systems using magnetic erbium atoms. I start by discussing the construction of the Erbium quantum gas microscope, including the installation of an in-vacuum high-numerical-aperture objective, various optical lattices, and potential projection through the objective. Then, I present emerging quantum phases with half-filling and directly probe the spatial structures of dipolar quantum solids using site-resolved imaging. A kaleidoscope of phases emerges as we tune the dipolar interaction, demonstrating the great tunability of this experimental platform. The dipolar interactions can be tuned slowly to study first-order quantum phase transitions between different solids. Next, I discuss topological phases that emerge with unity filling. With a zoo of Fano-Feshbach resonances, erbium atoms are gifted with the flexibility of widely tunable on-site interaction, allowing continuous probing of the quantum phase transitions between topologically trivial and non-trivial phases. We explore average symmetry protected topological phases as an instance of the mixed state quantum order. Finally, I briefly discuss the observation of spin squeezing with itinerant systems and super- and sub-radiance in a sub-wavelength optical lattice.
We report on experiments exploring the physics of dipolar quantum gases using a Chromium Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). By means of a Feshbach resonance, it is possible to reduce the effects of short range interactions and reach a regime where the physics is governed by the long-range, anisotropic dipole-dipole interaction between the large (6μB6 μ_{\rm B}6μB​) magnetic moments of Chromium atoms. Several dramatic effects of the dipolar interaction are observed: the usual inversion of ellipticity of the condensate during time-of flight is inhibited, the stability of the dipolar gas depends strongly on the trap geometry, and the explosion following the collapse of an unstable dipolar condensate displays d-wave like features.
Recently Lanthanide atoms such as dysprosium and erbium have attracted significant attention in quantum simulation with ultracold atoms due to their large magnetic moment and meta-stable excited states. Here, we present our on-going efforts for developing a versatile erbium apparatus in which various exotic states of matter, such as quantum droplets, can be emulated. Slow erbium atoms generated by a spin-flip Zeeman slower are trapped by a magneto-optical trap (MOT). We implement a bi-chromatic MOT, consisting of singlet (4f 126s 2 3H6 → 4f 12( 3H6)6s6p( 1P1)) and triplet (4f 126s 2 3H6 → 4f 12( 3H6)6s6p( 3P1)) transitions, which increases the repetition rate of experiment. We will discuss experimental details that produce a degenerate quantum gas of erbium atoms in the apparatus.